Ankyrin repeat (ANK) proteins are essential in cell growth, development and response to hormones and environmental stresses. In the present study, 226 ANK genes were identified and classified into nine subfamilies according to conserved domains in the soybean genome (Glycine max L.). Among them, the GmANK114 was highly induced by drought, salt, and abscisic acid (ABA). The GmANK114 encodes a protein that belongs to the ANK-RF subfamily containing a RING finger (RF) domain in addition to the ankyrin repeats. Heterologous overexpression of GmANK114 in transgenic Arabidopsis improved the germination rate under drought and salt treatments compared to WT. Homologous overexpression of GmANK114 improved the survival rate under drought and salt stresses in transgenic soybean hairy roots. In response to drought or salt stress, GmANK114 overexpression in soybean hairy root showed higher proline (Pro) and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, and lower H2O2 and O2- contents compared control plants. Besides, GmANK114 activated transcription of several abiotic stress-related genes, including WRKY13, NAC11, DREB2, MYB84, and bZIP44 under drought and salt stresses in soybean. These results provide new insights for functional analysis of soybean ANK proteins and will be helpful for further understanding how ANK proteins in plants adapt to abiotic stress.
Neurological disorders are being increasingly recognized as major causes of death and disability around the world. Neurological disorders refer to a broad range of medical conditions that affect the brain and spinal cord. These disorders can have various causes, including genetic factors, infections, trauma, autoimmune reactions, or neurodegenerative processes. Each disorder has its own unique symptoms, progression, and treatment options. Optimal communication between interneurons and neuron-glia cells within the homeostatic microenvironment is of paramount importance. Within this microenvironment, exosomes play a significant role in promoting intercellular communication by transferring a diverse cargo of contents, including proteins, lipids, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Partially, nervous system homeostasis is preserved by various stem cell-derived exosomal ncRNAs, which include circular RNAs (circRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). The diversity of these exosomal ncRNAs suggests their potential to influence multiple pathways and cellular processes within the nervous system. Stem cell-derived exosomes and their ncRNA contents have been investigated for potential therapeutic uses in neurological disorders, owing to their demonstrated capabilities in neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, and modulation of disease-related pathways. The ability of stem cell-derived exosomes to cross the blood-brain barrier makes them a promising delivery vehicle for therapeutic ncRNAs. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of different stem cell-derived exosomal ncRNAs and their therapeutic potential and clinical applications.
Metabolites are major biological parameters sensed by many cell types in vivo, whether they function as signaling mediators of SC and niche cross talk to regulate tissue regeneration is largely unknown. We show here that deletion of the Notch pathway co-factor RBP-J specifically in mouse HFSCs triggers adjacent McSCs to precociously differentiate in their shared niche. Transcriptome screen and in vivo functional studies revealed that the elevated level of retinoic acid (RA) caused by de-repression of RA metabolic process genes as a result of RBP-J deletion in HFSCs triggers ectopic McSCs differentiation in the niche. Mechanistically the increased level of RA sensitizes McSCs to differentiation signal KIT-ligand by increasing its c-Kit receptor protein level in vivo. Using genetic approach, we further pinpointed HFSCs as the source of KIT-ligand in the niche. We discover that HFSCs regulate the metabolite RA level in vivo to allow self-renewal of neighboring McSCs.
Objective To study the relationship between parameters of pulmonary function and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology in different stages of sarcoidosis. Methods The data of the parameters of pulmonary function and BALF in 71 patients with sarcoidosis were retrospectively analyzed.Results There was statistical significance on forced vital capacity (FVC) pred%, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) pred% ,total lung capacity (TLC) pred% ,diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) pred%,and lymphocyte percent in BALF in different stages of sarcoidosis (all P ＜ 0.05). The percentage of neutrophil in BALF was negatively correlated with FVC pred%,FEV1 pred% ,vital capacity (VC) pred%, TLC pred% and DLCO pred% ( P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01). The percentage of eosinophils in BALF was negatively correlated with FVC pred%, VC pred% ( P ＜0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 ). The percentage of CD4- T cells in BALF was positively correlated with FVC pred%,VC pred%,TLC pred% and DLCO pred% ( P ＜0. 05). The percentage of CD8 T cells in BALF was nagatively correlated with TLC pred% ( P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions The changes of the parameters of pulmonary function and cytology in BALF in different stages of sarcoidosis and the relationship of them may provide basis for the dynamical observation and clinical prognosis of patients with sarcoidosis.
Key words:
Sarcoidosis; Pulmonary function; Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
Objective To investigate the protective effect of Astragalus-Lily Granules on intestinal mucosa and intestinal flora homeostasis in mice under high altitude hypoxia condition. Methods We put mice into high altitude hypoxia cabin to establish high altitude hypoxia model mice. Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, Astragalus-Lily particles (ALP) low, medium and high dose groups [1.75, 3.5, 7g/(kg•d)] respectively. After three days of routine feeding, the ALP mice received drug by intragastric administration, once a day for continuous 17 days，control group and model group were given double distilled water in same volume. From the 15th day, all the mice but control group were exposed to simulated high altitude hypoxia condition for 3 days in a high altitude hypoxia cabin after they were gavaged for half an hour daily. By the 18th day, the fresh mouse feces were collected and smeared to observe the changes of microflora. The pathological changes of intestinal tissues were observed by HE staining and the expression of HIF-1αprotein in intestines was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results The enterococci and gram negative bacteria showed a higher proportion (65.2%±2.4% and 56.7%±3.3%, respectively) in the model group compared with the control group (24.7%±1.2%, 23.2%±1.5%, respectively, P<0.05). The pathological score of intestinal mucosal necrosis and edema (3.10±0.99, 3.30±0.67 respectively) and inflammatory cell count (15.93±3.30, 16.40±3.97/ HP respectively) was higher compared with the model group (0.70±0.67, 0.80±0.78; 4.07±2.12, 4.28±2.16/HP respectively; P<0.05). HIF-1αexpression increased significantly compared with the model group (P<0.05). The enterococci (46.7%±2.0%, 32.0%±2.6% respectively) and gram negative bacteria rate (34.2%±1.6%, 38.0%±2.8% respectively) in the ALP medium and high dose groups were lower compared with the model group (24.7%±1.2%, 23.2%±1.5% respectively, P<0.05). The pathological score of intestinal mucosal necrosis and edema in small intestine (2.30±1.33, 2.10±0.94 respectively) and colon (2.50±1.08, 1.90±0.99) were lower than those of model group and inflammatory cell count (small intestine 13.26±2.34, 10.93±3.67/HP, colon 14.40±2.02, 11.33±2.96/HP, respectively) were lower than those of the model group (P<0.05), and the HIF-1αexpression in the intestinal tissues increased significantly compared with the model group (P<0.01). Conclusion ALP has certain protective effect on intestinal mucosa and microecology of mice under high altitude hypoxia condition.
DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2016.09.15
Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A. Mey.), an endangered desert tree with excellent drought and salinity tolerance, provides a unique genotype to characterize and understand the tolerance mechanisms. In this study, four RNA-Seq libraries were constructed and sequenced from H. ammodendron under salinity stress. Total 12 027 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, in which 4 023, 3 517, 4 487 genes were differentially expressed under light salinity stress (200 mM NaCl), moderate salinity stress (400 mM NaCl), and severe salinity stress (800 mM NaCl), respectively. The up-regulated DEGs included several transcription factors (e.g., MYB and bHLH), hormone-related genes (e.g., cytochrome P450), protein kinases (e.g., Atpk2-Atpk19 like), and genes involved in carbon metabolism (e.g., UDP glycosyltransferase), osmotic regulation (e.g., proline transporter), and ubiquitin proteasome system (e.g., ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes). Heat shock proteins were identified as positive regulators of salinity tolerance in H. ammodendron. The expression patterns of 13 DEGs verified by real-time quantitative PCR were identically consistent with the variations in transcript abundance identified by RNA-Seq. Our results provide new insights into molecular mechanism of H. ammodendron in response to salinity stress.
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