Fine needkle aspiration biosy of palpable and nonpalpable mammary lesions has become a common procedure. In addition to its well-known ability to establish or suggest the diagnosis of carchinoma, fine-needle aspication biopsy has been used to identify proliferative, presumably precancerous breast lesions. The authors present a case illustrating diagnostic criteria and challeges in this area.
A 33-year-old primigravida at 26 weeks gestation presented with fetal hydrops and fetal anemia following prior parvovirus B19 infection. The fetus required two intrauterine transfusions of packed red cells. At 35 weeks gestation, a cesarean section was performed for obstetric reasons. As a consequence of a prenatal bowel perforation, the neonate developed meconium peritonitis, for which she needed laparotomy. This case demonstrates that there may be an association between intrauterine parvovirus infection and meconium peritonitis, the latter possibly caused by vascular injury in fetal life.
Underwater surveys were conducted in the shallow coastal waters extending from Enayam to Kollam, southern India, covering six study locations viz., Enayam, Adimalathura,Vizhinjam, Varkala, Odayam and Paravoor to record the diversity of sponges. A total of 24 species of sponges were identified during the study which belonged to 20 genera, 14 families and 6 orders. Maximum species diversity was recorded at Enayam (11 species), followed by an equal number of species at Vizhinjam and Adimalathura (10 species). Five species of sponges were recorded at Odayam while three species were recorded at Varkala and only one at Paravur. Shannon diversity was high at Enayam, Vizhinjam and Adimalathura and the dominance plot also showed rich diversity of sponges in these three stations.The cluster results using Bray Curtis similarity Index indicated two clusters: stations Enayam, Vizhinjam and Adimalathura showed one cluster indicating similarity of species in these stations, while the stations Varkala, Odayam and Paravoor showed another cluster. The present study has indicated that the stations Enayam, Vizhinjam and Adimalathura are rich in diversity and abundance of sponges, compared to Varkala, Odayam and Paravoor.
A review of antiretroviral prescribing, mode of delivery and pregnancy outcome was performed to assess local practice against the new British HIV Association guidelines. HIV status prior to pregnancy, antiretroviral medication, viral load, mode of delivery and pregnancy outcome were determined in 95 pregnancies recorded between 2004 and 2006 via retrospective case-note review. In total, 75% (n=71) of pregnancies resulted in live births; 56% (n=53) of pregnancies occurred in women who knew they were HIV positive prior to the current pregnancy; 49% (n=26) of them conceived on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Use of protease-inhibitor-based ART and number of normalvaginal delivery increased and the use of zidovudine (AZT) monotherapy and emergency caesarean section (CS) fell during the study period. In conclusion, there was an increase in vaginal deliveries and a reduction in the number of emergency CSs between 2004 and 2006.
A 28-year-old woman underwent IVF-ICSI due to teratospermia in addition to tubal factor infertility. A single, day 6, frozen-thawed expanded blastocyst was replaced on day 21. Two pronuclei were id...
Abstract Background Bulk RNA-Seq has been extensively utilized to investigate the molecular changes accompanying motor neuron degeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). However, due to the heterogeneity and degenerating phenotype of the neurons, it has proved difficult to assign specific changes to neuronal subtypes and identify which factors drive these changes. Consequently, we have utilized single cell transcriptomics of degenerating motor neurons derived from ALS patients to uncover key transcriptional drivers of dysfunctional pathways. Results Single cell analysis of spinal neuronal cultures derived from SOD1 E100G ALS and isogenic iPSCs allowed us to classify cells into neural subtypes including motor neurons and interneurons. Differential expression analysis between disease and control motor neurons revealed downregulation of genes involved in synaptic structure, neuronal cytoskeleton, mitochondrial function and autophagy. Interestingly, interneurons did not show similar suppression of these homeostatic functions. Single cell expression data enabled us to derive a context-specific transcriptional network relevant to ALS neurons. Master regulator analysis based on this network identified core transcriptional factors driving the ALS MN gene dysregulation. Specifically, we identified activation of SMAD2, a downstream mediator of the TGF-β signalling pathway as a potential driving factor of ALS motor neuron degeneration. Our phenotypic analysis further confirmed that an activated TGF-β signalling is major driver of motor neuron loss in SOD1 ALS. Importantly, expression analysis of TGFβ target genes and computational analysis of publicly available datasets indicates that activation of TGFβ signalling may be a common mechanism shared between SOD1, FUS and sporadic ALS. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the utility of single cell transcriptomics in mapping disease-relevant gene regulatory networks driving neurodegeneration in ALS motor neurons. We find that ALS-associated mutant SOD1 targets transcriptional networks that perturb motor neuron homeostasis.
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