Wenhua Gao

Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

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Chunsong Lu

Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology

Yihong Duan

Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

Lin Deng

China Meteorological Administration

Yangang Liu

Brookhaven National Laboratory

Fengsheng Zhao

Shanghai Ocean University

Jianxin Zhao

Jiangnan University

Dajun Zhao

China Meteorological Administration

Daming Fan

Jiangnan University

Hongxiong Xu

China Meteorological Administration

Xiaoqi Xu

China Meteorological Administration

Cooperative Institutions

China Meteorological Administration

Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology

Jiangnan University

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

University of Science and Technology of China

State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology

Sun Yat-sen University

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A statistical study of pre‐summer hourly extreme rainfall over the Pearl River Delta metropolitan region during 2008–2017

International Journal of Climatology (2019)

Yixuan Shou Wenhua Gao Feng Lu

Abstract In this study, we explored the hourly extreme rainfall over the Pearl River Delta metropolitan region (PRDMR) by performing a statistical analysis on a 10‐year hourly precipitation dataset combined with the fifth generation of ECMWF atmospheric hourly reanalysis (ERA‐5) and half‐hourly FengYun‐2 geostationary satellite observations during the pre‐summer rainy season from 2008 to 2017. Results showed that hourly extreme rainfall events over the PRDMR increased at a significant pace during the most recent 10 years, which frequently occurred during the early morning (0400–0900 local standard time [LST; UTC + 8 hr]) and afternoon (1300–1800 LST) over the central urban district and 100‐km downstream area. Comparative analysis of the meteorological conditions between the two peak periods revealed that the hourly extreme rainfall events over the PRDMR during the pre‐summer rainy season were overall prefrontal rainstorms that occurred under the influence of dominant south‐westerlies and weak easterly backflows of warm‐moist air at lower atmospheres. The hot plumes rooted at the urban surface may be the key local environmental factors responsible for generating hourly heavy rainfall over the PRDMR. Given favourable large‐scale conditions, the interaction of urban heat island effects with sea breezes and mountain‐valley breezes can promote convection by altering the thermodynamic and dynamic structures around the PRDMR. By comparison, the hourly extreme rainfall events that occurred during morning periods over the PRDMR were more sensitive to moderate to strong wind shear at the lower planetary boundary layer, whereas those that occurred during afternoon periods were more likely to occur in the presence of an environment with high conditional instability.

Sea breeze

Westerlies

Precipitable water

10.1002/joc.6457

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Citations (9)

Synergistic effect of microwave 3D print and transglutaminase on the self-gelation of surimi during printing

Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies (2020)

Zilong Zhao Qian Wang Bowen Yan Wenhua Gao Xidong Jiao

Molding (decorative)

10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102546

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Citations (89)

Steam replacement strategy using microwave resonance: A future system for continuous-flow heating applications

Applied Energy (2020)

Huayu Yang Yuhao Zhang Wenhua Gao Bowen Yan Jianxin Zhao

Microwave heating

10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116300

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Citations (28)

On the Quantification of Thermodynamic Phases of Raining Clouds: Insights From Multi‐Year CloudSat and Ground‐Based Radar Observations Over Longmen, Southern China

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (2024)

Qinghui Li Haoran Li Xuejin Sun Zheng Ruan Liping Liu

Abstract The thermodynamic phase of clouds is fundamental to rain initiation and development. Although it is well established that majority of rainfall from mid‐ to‐high latitudes originates from ice, there is a lack of consensus on the major thermodynamic phase of raining clouds over low latitudes. Previous CloudSat‐based studies have yet reached consistent results on the fraction of ice‐phase raining clouds over Southern China. In this work, we found that CloudSat‐based approaches are subject to metrics used for flagging rainfall events, which may lead to different estimates. Analysis of multi‐year surface radar observations suggests that has diurnal variation and increases with rain rate, while the surface rainfall originating from warm clouds does not exceed 50 . Using disdrometer observations to flag surface rainfall events, we found that about 71 and 95 of surface rainfall events and rainfall accumulation come from cold clouds, respectively. In addition, the observed rainfall accumulations over Longmen are consistent with the fifth generation atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5), whereas the frequency of warm rainfall over Longmen is significantly underestimated in ERA5.

Disdrometer

10.1029/2024jd041824

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A study of cloud microphysics and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau by radar observations and cloud‐resolving model simulations

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (2016)

Wenhua Gao Chung‐Hsiung Sui Jiwen Fan Zhiqun Hu Lingzhi Zhong

Abstract Cloud microphysical properties and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau are unique because of the high terrains, clean atmosphere, and sufficient water vapor. With dual‐polarization precipitation radar and cloud radar measurements during the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Scientific Experiment, the simulated microphysics and precipitation by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) microphysics and other microphysical schemes are investigated through a typical plateau rainfall event on 22 July 2014. Results show that the WRF‐CAMS simulation reasonably reproduces the spatial distribution of 24 h accumulated precipitation but has limitations in simulating time evolution of precipitation rates. The model‐calculated polarimetric radar variables have biases as well, suggesting bias in modeled hydrometeor types. The raindrop sizes in convective region are larger than those in stratiform region indicated by the small intercept of raindrop size distribution in the former. In addition, the warm rain processes generate heavier precipitation than the cold rain processes do over the rainfall centers during weak convection period. The sensitivity of precipitation to perturbing the warm rain microphysical processes show that doubling droplet condensation increases precipitation significantly and produces the best area‐averaged rain rate, suggesting biases in thermodynamics in the baseline simulation. Halving raindrop evaporation results in an increase in weak rainfall areas along with a warmer subcloud layer. Increasing the initial cloud droplet size causes the rain rate reduced by half, an opposite effect to that of increasing droplet condensation.

Cloud physics

Precipitation types

Weather radar

Quantitative precipitation forecast

10.1002/2015jd024196

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Citations (42)

Satellite-derived surface characterization and surface fluxes across the Southern Great Plains Cloud and Radiation Testbed Site.

Wenhua Gao R. L. Coulter Barry M. Lesht Jianxiu Qiu M. L. Wesely

Atmospheric processes in the lower boundary layer are strongly modulated by energy and mass fluxes from and to the underlying surface. The atmosphere-surface interactions usually occur at small temporal (seconds to minutes) and spatial (centimeters to meters) scales, which causes difficulties with including surface processes in atmospheric models, which can only handle much larger scales (kilometers). Developing schemes to characterize spatial variabilities in surface fluxes over heterogeneous surfaces for a regionally representative surface flux that can be correctly used in atmospheric models becomes an important issue. The Southern Great Plains (SGP) Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) has an outline area of 350 x 450 km, across which land surface type, topography, vegetation, and soil conditions vary widely (Gao 1994). Surface flux measurements at a limited number of surface stations, including surface latent and sensible heat fluxes, net radiation, and soil heat flux by energy balance Bowen ratio (EBBR) stations, heat and momentum fluxes by eddy correlation stations, and upwelling radiation flux by surface radiation stations, are influenced by local surface conditions surrounding the stations and thus may not be able to provide fluxes representative of the entire CART site. Use of these data to represent the entire CART site inmore » modeling studies and in comparing with large-scale satellite observations could lead to significant uncertainties. This study uses high-resolution ({approx}1 km) remote sensing by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar-orbiting environmental satellites to characterize spatial and temporal variations in land surface conditions and then to develop methods for estimating spatial variations and CART-representative values of surface fluxes.« less

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A modeling study of cloud physical properties of extreme and non-extreme precipitation in landfalling typhoons over China

Atmospheric Research (2022)

Dajun Zhao Wenhua Gao Hongxiong Xu Yubin Yu Lianshou Chen

Extreme rainfall associated with landfalling tropical cyclones (ERLTC) can bring severe disaster losses. Revealing the typical characteristics and formation mechanisms of ERLTC has important scientific significance and potential application value. In this study, cloud microphysical properties of extreme and non-extreme rainfall in three landfalling TCs over China under the similar climatic backgrounds are comparatively investigated based on the cloud resolving simulations with a novel quantitative separating method of cold (warm) rain from the total precipitation. Results show that the warm (cold) rain may shape (modulate) the area (intensity) of TC precipitation. During the extreme precipitation period of the strongest TC Lekima (2019), the amount of cold rain accounts for >3/4 of the total precipitation, which plays a leading role in the precipitation rapid enhancement. With the increase of precipitation intensity, the proportion of cold (warm) rain to total precipitation tends to increase (decrease). The area near eyewall is commonly dominated by warm rain due to the weak radar echoes there. During the extreme precipitation process induced by Lekima (2019), the hydrometeor contents (mainly rain water and snow) increase rapidly and maintain for a long time. The processes of water vapor condensation, accretion of cloud water by rain water and melting of snow are the most active. In addition, the comparison with Hagupit (2020) and Yagi (2018) reveals that the processes of raindrop collecting graupel then melting, and the weak evaporation of raindrop make considerable contributions to the formation of extreme precipitation caused by Lekima (2019).

Graupel

Freezing rain

Precipitation types

Typhoon

Rainband

10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106311

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Citations (20)

Indirect effects of latent heat of condensation on the simulation of the 2021 catastrophic Henan rainfall event in central China

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society (2024)

Hongxiong Xu Dajun Zhao Wenhua Gao Yihong Duan Jinfang Yin

Abstract Cloud‐related latent heat is critical to the development and maintenance of atmospheric circulation. However, it is unclear how sensitive the key large‐scale weather systems of an extreme rainfall event could be to the variation in cloud‐related latent heat. In a companion study, by investigating the indirect effects of different microphysics schemes, we hypothesized that the latent heat of condensation (CT) would play a role in the ability to simulate the extreme rainfall event that took place in Henan Province, central China, on July 19–21, 2021. To examine the proposed hypothesis, the impacts of varying the CT and the collection of cloud water by rainwater (ACW) in the Thompson, WDM6, and Morrison microphysics schemes on the simulation of the southerly flow and its indirect effect on this extreme rainfall case were studied using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW‐WRF) model. It was found that directly changing the CT and ACW had significant effects on the southerly flow and precipitation. An increase in CT generally led to a reduced temperature gradient, a smaller pressure gradient, a stronger southerly flow, and a precipitation surge of 32%–50%. Similar outcomes resulted from increasing ACW in the WDM6 scheme, which effectively diminished the cloud mixing ratio, generated higher CT, and consequently intensified the southerly flow and precipitation by 31%. This study confirmed that the accurate simulation of microphysical processes, along with latent heating, is desirable for more realistically reproducing the key weather systems in the simulation of extreme rainfall.

Rainwater Harvesting

10.1002/qj.4703

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Effects of Mosaic Representation of Land Use/Land Cover on Skin Temperature and Energy Fluxes in Noah‐MP Land Surface Model Over China

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (2021)

Zhang Guo Jianduo Li Guangsheng Zhou Xitian Cai Wenhua Gao

Abstract The representations of land use/land cover (LULC) play an important role in land surface models (LSMs) for the simulation of the energy flux partition, soil moisture redistribution, and runoff generation. This study was designed to investigate the regional effects of mosaic LULC representations on skin temperature (Ts) and energy fluxes over China at three horizontal resolutions and how these effects changed with climate regimes, using Noah with multiparameterization (Noah‐MP) LSM. The current officially released Noah‐MP only considered the most abundant LULC type within one model grid. In this study, the mosaic method considering all the LULC types existing in one model grid was implemented into Noah‐MP. Against the reference data (including MODIS land surface temperature products, FLUXCOM energy flux data and Numerical Terra dynamic Simulation Group evapotranspiration data), the mosaic method generally performed better than the default method and reduced the root‐mean‐squared‐error of Ts and energy fluxes significantly over urban region. The mosaic method affected the Ts and energy fluxes by changing leaf area index and soil moisture, mainly by the former. The warm (monthly mean air temperature larger than 10 °C) and relatively humid climate (annual total precipitation larger than 200 mm) could enlarge the effect of mosaic method on Ts and energy fluxes. The mosaic method reduced discrepancies of Ts and energy fluxes among three horizontal resolutions (0.0625°, 0.25°, and 0.50°), especially over the heterogeneous vegetated and urban region.

Mosaic

Land Cover

Energy flux

10.1029/2021jd034542

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Citations (6)

Substantial convection and precipitation enhancements by ultrafineaerosol particles

Science (2018)

Jiwen Fan Daniel Rosenfeld Yuwei Zhang Scott Giangrande Zhanqing Li

Up with ultrafine aerosol particles Ultrafine aerosol particles (smaller than 50 nanometers in diameter) have been thought to be too small to affect cloud formation. Fan et al. show that this is not the case. They studied the effect of urban pollution transported into the otherwise nearly pristine atmosphere of the Amazon. Condensational growth of water droplets around the tiny particles releases latent heat, thereby intensifying atmospheric convection. Thus, anthropogenic ultrafine aerosol particles may exert a more important influence on cloud formation processes than previously believed. Science , this issue p. 411

10.1126/science.aan8461

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Citations (489)