Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a gelatin-cyclodextrin hydrogel using glutaraldehyde as crosslinker containing Dexibuprofen, characterized by the mucoadhesive and controlled release of drug in the stomach and its in vitro characterization. All non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's) cause peptic ulcer in chronic disease condition like rheumatoid arthritis. In conventional dosage form of NSAID's the drug is released at once with reduced duration of action. On other hands in hydrogels dosage form the drug is released slowly with prolongs the duration of action & minimal side effects. This also decreases the dosing frequency.
Methods: Nine formulations were developed by varying the gelatin-cyclodextrin (Gel/CD) and glutaraldehyde. Swelling studies of hydrogels were performed at three different pH conditions (1.2, 6.5 and 7.4). The hydrogel samples were also analyzed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Results: The developed hydrogel showed Maximal swelling and drug release at pH 1.2. The results also revealed the development of pH-dependent swelling and drug release pattern which advocates its feasibility to be used for site-specific, pH-dependent, and controlled drug release behavior.
Conclusion: The developed hydrogels may prove to be a good plate-form for delivering drugs at a specific rate, at the specific site making the drug release pH responsive.
Apple (Malus pomila L) belongs to family Rosacea and it is an edible fruit; mostly utilized by different age groups. Apple trees are grown worldwide. It is considered an important fruit in the temperate region of Balochistan, Pakistan. Fire blight is caused by the pathogen Erwinia amylovora the most damaging disease of apple and other pomes orchards in the world. The aim of the present study was conducted to record the incidence of the disease and management through the use of chemicals. For this purpose, survey was conducted for disease samples from the various districts of Balochistan Viz., Quetta, Ziarat, Killa Saifullah and Kalat. Among all the districts Ziarat was found to be most severe by pathogen with 20% incidence followed by Quetta having 18.67%, Kalat14.31% and Killa Saifullah 13.44% incidence, and different chemicals, i.e. Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Gentamicin, Kasugomycin, Oxytetracycline at different doses were tested against the pathogen and all the chemicals shown great effectiveness against Erwiana amylorora In-vitro conditions. The maximum inhibition zone made by chemical streptomycin with value 15.50 and minimum value of tetracycline with 10.90.and there was no inhibition zone observed in control treatment. All the data was statistically analyzed
Background The diagnosis of thyroid nodules requires accurate techniques; fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the gold standard, while ultrasonography elastography has potential but is not well supported by data, particularly when it comes to differentiating benign from malignant nodules in single and multiple noduled glands. Objective This study's main goal was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound elastography in predicting benign versus malignant thyroid nodules, both in solitary and multinodular thyroid glands, compared with FNAC. Methodology This prospective observational study evaluated thyroid nodules using ultrasound elastography and FNAC. Patients who were 18 years of age or older and had visible thyroid nodules met the inclusion criteria; those who had undergone thyroid surgery in the past, had cancer, or refused both tests were excluded. Data on demographics, clinical conditions, and imaging were gathered from 360 enrolled patients. Statistical analysis included calculating sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound elastography using FNAC as a reference, alongside receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine the optimal cutoff for benign versus malignant nodules. Results There were 360 individuals in the trial, 250 of whom had benign thyroid nodules and 110 of whom had malignant ones. When compared to ultrasound elastography, FNAC showed somewhat better sensitivity (92.00%) and specificity (85.33%) for benign nodules. On the other hand, for malignant nodules, FNAC showed better specificity (80.95%) and sensitivity (91.82%) than ultrasonic elastography. In all age categories, FNAC consistently performed better than ultrasound elastography. The total accuracy obtained by ultrasound elastography was 81.94%, but the accuracy obtained by FNAC was higher at 85.47%. Ultrasound elastography's ideal cutoff value was found to be 4.2, with a sensitivity of 87.25% and a specificity of 78.40%. Conclusion Ultrasound elastography shows significant promise as a non-invasive, real-time complementary tool to FNAC for diagnosing thyroid nodules.
Introduction When an organ, such as the colon, pushes through the wall of the abdominal cavity, a hernia results. After femoral and inguinal hernias, umbilical hernias account for the third most common kind of abdominal hernia in adults precipitated by conditions such as obesity, ascites, and repeated pregnancies. A subtype of umbilical hernias called paraumbilical hernias is more likely to cause problems such as rupture, skin ulceration, and obstruction. Seroma, hematoma, and infection are the reported post-repair consequences but data regarding early complications is limited. High-quality data assessing early complications is necessary to improve mesh repair outcomes. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of General Surgery at Medical Teaching Institute (MTI) Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar over one year, from January to December 2022. A total of 167 patients were selected using simple random sequential selection. Patients aged 20-60 years of both genders who were diagnosed with paraumbilical hernia in the emergency department were included. To prevent bias, those with uncontrolled diabetes or existing complications from hernia were excluded. Following informed consent, data were gathered using pre-designed proformas. Patients underwent open mesh repair during each surgery, and they were monitored at one and three months following the procedure. Complications such as seroma, hematoma, and wound infection were documented. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) with chi-square tests for categorical variables and a significance level of p < 0.05. Results The study included a total of 167 patients, with a mean age of 42 years (SD ±8.77). The majority of patients (40%) ranged in age from 41 to 50 years old, with 33% aged 31 to 40. Gender distribution revealed that 63 (38%) of the patients were male and 104 (62%) were female. Early complications included 25 (15%) wound infections, 32 (19%) seromas, and 63 (38%) hematomas. The occurrence of wound infections, seromas, and hematomas did not differ significantly by age or gender (p > 0.05). Conclusion Early complications from paraumbilical hernia mesh repair include wound infections (15%), seromas (19%), and hematomas (38%). Postoperative monitoring is critical to reducing these complications.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morbidity and mortality of completion thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Material and Methods: This study was conducted in the department of ENT Head and Neck surgery and General Surgery Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar over a period of two years from December 2005 to December 2007. Forty patients of differentiated thyroid carcinoma underwent completion thyroidectomy. The patients with thyroid nodule underwent pre op thyroid ultrasonography, FNAC, biochemical examination and indirect examination of the vocal cord. Results: Forty patients were included in this study, in which four were males and thirty six were females, age ranged from 27 to 62 years, with an average of 27 ± 2.6. The indications for initial operation were a solitary thyroid nodule in 36 (90%), patients, multi-nodular goiter 3(7.5%) and Grave’s disease 1(2.5%). The initial operation for solitary thyroid nodule included unilateral lobectomy in 33 patients and hemithyroidectomy in 3, subtotal thyroidectomy in 3 patients of multi nodule goiter and near total thyroidectomy in 1 patient of Grave’s disease. Total morbidiy was 12.5% and comprised of transient hypoparathyroidism in 3(7.5%), permanent hypoparathyroidism in 1 (2.5%) transient Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) palsy in 1 (2.5%) patient. There was no mortality. Conclusion: Completion thyroidectomy can be performed safely with morbidity of 12.5% and no mortality.
Background/Objectives: A community-based study was conducted to compare the nutritional status between smokers and non-smokers in association with dietary, biochemical and socioeconomic characteristics.Methods: A convenient sampling method was used to enroll 100 smokers and 99 non-smokers aged between 46 and 78 years from the urban and semi-urban areas of district Peshawar, Pakistan.Weight, height, waist and hip circumferences of the subjects were taken while body composition was determined by employing a Bodystat Analyzer.A blood sample was taken from each subject for the determination of serum vitamin A and zinc levels.Subjects were interviewed for a 24-hr dietary recall and demographic and socio-economic characteristics.Student's t-test and bivariate analysis were conducted to compare the mean differences and examine the association between different variables of smoker and non-smoker groups.Results: The results revealed that there was no significant (p>0.05)difference between the mean age, weight, height and body mass index of smokers and non smokers.However, the mean body fat, waist and hip circumference of the smokers were significantly (p<0.05)lower than the non-smokers.Conversely, the mean serum vitamin A (32.30±15.99µg/dl) of smokers was significantly (p<0.05)higher than non-smokers (26.50±20.44µg/dl) but the mean serum zinc concentration of smokers (99.76±27.42µg/dl) was significantly lower than the non-smokers (108.25±32.20 µg/dl). Conclusions:The study concludes that anthropometric (body mass index), biochemical (vitamin A and zinc status), dietary (energy intake) and socio-economic (income, profession) characteristics failed to establish an association with smoking as most of the indicators of smokers are comparable to non-smokers.
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