Zusammenfassung Der Kalkstickstoff ist unter den Stickstoffdüngern infolge lang anhaltender Düngewirkung einer der wichtigsten. Sein Hauptbestandteil ist das sekundäre Kalzium-cyanamid. Heute wird der Kalkstickstoff umfangreich als auch Herbizid, Fungizid, Insektizid, oder Nematizid angewandt (6). Dieser Dünger kann intensiv die Ruhe von wilden Hirsesamen brechen, Durch die Benutzung von dieser Ruhebrechungswirkung des Kalkstickstoffs kann man wilde Hirse im Spätjahr vertreiben (11, 14).
This project takes advantage of the unique topographic features of Asahi river, a tributary of Shingu, forming a gross head of 530 m over the relatively short distance of some 1.7 km. The station is one of the largest in Japan, having a total generating capacity of 1206 MW (using six 201 MW units). The design of the plant and its equipment and dam, are discussed.
Peroxisomes (microbodies) are ubiquitous single-membrane–bounded organelles and fulfill essential roles in the cellular metabolism. They are found in virtually all eukaryotic cells and basically multiply by division. However, the mechanochemical machinery involved in peroxisome division remains elusive. Here, we first identified the peroxisome-dividing (POD) machinery. We isolated the POD machinery from Cyanidioschyzon merolae , a unicellular red alga containing a single peroxisome. Peroxisomal division in C. merolae can be highly synchronized by light/dark cycles and the microtubule-disrupting agent oryzalin. By proteomic analysis based on the complete genome sequence of C. merolae , we identified a dynamin-related protein 3 (DRP3) ortholog, CmDnm1 (Dnm1), that predominantly accumulated with catalase in the dividing-peroxisome fraction. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that Dnm1 formed a ring at the division site of the peroxisome. The outlines of the isolated dynamin rings were dimly observed by phase-contrast microscopy and clearly stained for Dnm1. Electron microscopy revealed that the POD machinery was formed at the cytoplasmic side of the equator. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the POD machinery consisted of an outer dynamin-based ring and an inner filamentous ring. Down-regulation of Dnm1 impaired peroxisomal division. Surprisingly, the same Dnm1 serially controlled peroxisomal division after mitochondrial division. Because genetic deficiencies of Dnm1 orthologs in multiperoxisomal organisms inhibited both mitochondrial and peroxisomal proliferation, it is thought that peroxisomal division by contraction of a dynamin-based machinery is universal among eukaryotes. These findings are useful for understanding the fundamental systems in eukaryotic cells.
Nanda Kyaw Thu, Tanabe Y., Yoshida M., Matsuura H. and Watanabe M.M. 2012. Aerosakkonema funiforme gen. et sp. nov. (Oscillatoriales), a new gas-vacuolated oscillatorioid cyanobacterium isolated from a mesotrophic reservoir. Phycologia 51: 672–683. DOI: 10.2216/11-130.1A novel gas-vacuolated oscillatorioid cyanobacterium was isolated from the Nam Ngum Reservoir, Lao People's Democratic Republic. Five strains were tentatively assigned to this new cyanobacterium because they showed morphological characteristics different from previously described freshwater species of gas-vacuolated oscillatorioids. Their trichomes were solitary, blue-green or olive-green, 11.7–16.6 μm wide, without sheaths, and were either not or slightly constricted at the cross walls. Notably, trichomes were sometimes twisted into a rope and contained gas vacuoles smaller than those of any known freshwater species of gas-vacuolated oscillatorioids. The occurrence of gas vacuoles was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and polymerase chain reaction detection of the gas vesicle gene (gvp). TEM observations also indicated an irregular arrangement of thylakoids. Phycobiliprotein analyses revealed that all strains contained two different biliproteins, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin. The cellular fatty acid compositions of these strains were 14:0, 16:0, 16:1c, 18:0, 18:1c, 18:1c, 18:2, and 18:3α, among which palmitic acid (16:0) was predominant. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that all five strains had identical sequences and were only distantly related to other oscillatorioid cyanobacteria with gas vacuoles (e.g. Planktothrix and Planktothricoides). Instead, they showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to a non–gas-vacuolated oscillatorioid cyanobacterial strain, Phormidium sp. KS (93.8%). Based on their distinct morphological characteristics and the substantial sequence divergence of the 16S rRNA genes of these strains compared to other cyanobacteria, including oscillatorioids, we proposed a new genus, Aerosakkonema, which accommodated all five strains. The type species was Aerosakkonema funiforme and the type strain was NIES2861 (= Lao26).
Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) are critical for self-tolerance induction in T cells via promiscuous expression of tissue-specific antigens (TSAs), which are controlled by the transcriptional regulator, AIRE. Whereas AIRE-expressing (Aire + ) mTECs undergo constant turnover in the adult thymus, mechanisms underlying differentiation of postnatal mTECs remain to be discovered. Integrative analysis of single-cell assays for transposase-accessible chromatin (scATAC-seq) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) suggested the presence of proliferating mTECs with a specific chromatin structure, which express high levels of Aire and co-stimulatory molecules, CD80 (Aire + CD80 hi ). Proliferating Aire + CD80 hi mTECs detected using Fucci technology express a minimal number of Aire-dependent TSAs and are converted into quiescent Aire + CD80 hi mTECs expressing high levels of TSAs after a transit amplification. These data provide evidence for the existence of transit-amplifying Aire + mTEC precursors during the Aire + mTEC differentiation process of the postnatal thymus.
