A new diterpenoid named jatrophacine (1), with an unusual 4,5-seco- rhamnofolane skeleton, was isolated from the roots of Jatropha curcas, together with eleven known diterpenoids. The structure of the new compound was elucidated through a detailed analysis of its 1 D- and 2 D-NMR spectra. The X-ray structure of jatrophol (2) is also presented. Anti-inflammatory activity with LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages revealed that compound 1 strongly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (IC50 = 0.53 μM).
Purpose . We tried to investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) can reduce inflammation of dry eye disease (DED) by regulating α 7nAChR and inhibiting the NF‐ κ B signaling pathway. Methods . Healthy New Zealand white rabbits were treated with scopolamine hydrobromide (Scop) for 21 consecutive days to establish the DED animal model. After 21 days, EA, fluorometholone (Flu), and α 7nAChR antagonist ( α ‐BGT) treatments were performed, and the Scop injection was continued until day 35. During treatment, the fluorescence staining of the corneal epithelium and the level of tear flow were observed. The influence of EA on the LG pathology and inflammatory factors ACh, α 7nAChR, and NF‐ κ B was detected using the LG histopathology, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cytokine protein chip technology, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blot. Results . The EA stimulation can reduce the corneal epithelial damage and repair epithelial cell ultrastructure, promote the tear secretion, relieve the LG atrophy and decrease lipid droplet accumulation in LG acinar cell, and reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL‐1, MIP‐1b, TNF‐ α , and IL‐8) in the LG. The protective effect of EA on the inflammation and the ocular surface is similar to the corticosteroid Flu. EA and Flu can upregulate the expression of the α 7nAChR and downregulate the expression of NF‐ κ B. The α 7nAChR antagonist α ‐BGT can reverse the protective effect of EA on the LG and the inhibitory effect on the NF‐ κ B pathway and the expression of inflammatory factors but cannot affect the expression of Flu on the NF‐ κ B pathway and inflammatory factors. Conclusion . These results prove that EA can alleviate DEDs by stimulating the acupoints around the eyes. These beneficial effects are related to the upregulation of α 7nAChR and the downregulation of NF‐ κ B in the LG. The protective effect of LG is mediated through the anti‐inflammatory pathway mediated by α 7nAChR. EA can reduce the NF‐ κ B P65 nuclear transcription and reduce inflammatory factors by regulating α 7nAChR. This expression indicates that the α 7nAChR/NF‐ κ B signaling pathway may serve as a potential therapeutic target for EA to treat DEDs.
Twelve guaianolide-type sesquiterpene oligomers with diverse structures were isolated from the whole plants of Ainsliaea fragrans, including a novel trimer (1) and two new dimers (2, 3). The chemical structures of the new compounds were elucidated through spectroscopic data interpretation and computational calculations. Ainsfragolide (1) is an unusual guaianolide sesquiterpene trimer generated with a novel C-C linkage at C2'-C15″, which may be biosynthesized prospectively through a further Michael addition. Cytotoxicity results showed that ainsfragolide (1) was the most potent compound against five cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 0.4-8.3 μM.
A highly operationally convenient and environmentally benign approach of the iodosulfonylation of cyclopropenes, styrenes, and alkynes in water has been reported.
Abstract In the context of the growing importance of heterocyclic compounds across various disciplines, numerous strategies for their construction have emerged. Exploiting the distinctive properties of cyclopropenes, this study introduces an innovative approach for the synthesis of benzo‐fused five‐membered oxa‐ and aza‐heterocycles through a formal [4+1] cyclization and subsequent acid‐catalyzed intramolecular O ‐ to N ‐ rearrangement. These transformations exhibit mild reaction conditions and a wide substrate scope. The applications in the late‐stage modification of complex molecules and in the synthesis of a potential PD‐L1 gene down‐regulator, make this method highly appealing in related fields. Combined experimental mechanistic studies and DFT calculations demonstrate Rh(III)‐mediated sequential C─H coupling/π‐allylation/dynamically favorable O ‐attack route.
Objective:Using HPLC Method to test the content determination of Peony tree bark in Peony.Methods:HPLC was carried out under the conditons as followed:HICHRSPNER5-C18 column(4.6 mm×250mm,5μm) at 25 ℃ using CH3OH:H2O(60:40)as mobile phase,detection wavelength was at 274nm.Results:The good linear relationship was obtained under the optimum conditions.The recoveries of the standards added Peony tree bark phenol 99.16 %,respectively,while the relative standard deviations were 0.26 %(n=5).Peony tree bark in Anhui Peony tree bark in Guizhou Peony tree bark in Sichuan Peony tree bark in Yunnan Peony tree bark in Hebei.Conclusion:The method is rapid and precise.
Objective: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a common chronic pain condition that lacks a satisfactory treatment approach. This systematic review was designed to examine the effects of acupuncture or acupoint injection on the management of BMS and to evaluate the evidence supporting the use of acupuncture therapy for BMS in clinical practice.
Method and Materials: The following databases were searched for relevant articles: Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register (July 2011), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (issue 7, 2011), MEDLINE (1966 to June 2011), and electronic medical database from the China-National Knowledge Infrastructure (1979 to June 2011). Articles were screened, and the quality of the included trials was assessed independently by two reviewers.
Results: After screening, nine studies with 547 randomized patients were included in this review. All nine articles were published in Chinese and were clinical trial studies with a Jadad score < 3. Their results showed that acupuncture/ acupoint injection may benefit patients with BMS. The evidence supported the efficacy of acupuncture/acupoint injection therapy in reducing BMS pain and related symptoms.
Conclusion: In light of the positive outcomes reported, the use of acupuncture therapy for BMS patients warrants further research.
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