An attempt is made to assess nutritional potential of Azoll meal in a total mixed ration (TMR) at different dietary level on nutrient utilization and metabolic status of goats under hot humid agro climatic condition in Bihar. All the standard managemental practices were followed during experimental period. Eighteen growing male kids of 3-4 months age with average body weight of 5.72± 0.88 kg were distributed into three groups of six animals each on the basis of body weight in a randomized block design. The animals were fed graded level of Azolla meal (0, 20 and 40 %) mixed in concentrate mixture and green fodder berseem. In this study different parameter like feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, digestibility of nutrient, blood bio-chemicals, serum biochemistry of Black Bengal goats (cross) were observed, respectively. This experiment was conducted for 90 days on 18 male kids. The total DMI (g/d) of T1, T2 and T3 group were 458.12, 449.54 and 494.66 respectively. The intake of DM in each group was comparable and so is the R:C ratio. However, CP, DCP and TDN obtained is quite significant in T2 group than T1 and T3 group. The digestibility of other nutrients such as OM, NDF, ADF, CP, EE, CF, TA and NFE were numerically higher in T2 group lowest in T3group inclusion which might be due to more inclusion of azolla i.e 40% azolla in concentrate mixture. The digestibility percentage of dry matter was from58.16 in T3 to 63.15 in T2 group. The final body weight was higher in T2 and lowest in T3 group as compared to control group. The body weight (kg) and average daily gain (g/d) was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in T2 as compared to T1and T3 group. The ADG obtained was highest in T2 group (60.33 g/d) and lowest in T3 group (45.66 g/d). The total DMI by the animals of T2 group was higher than T3 and T1groups, respectively. The FCR in T2 (20% Azolla meal) supplemented group was lower than T3 (40% Azolla) and T1 group. The body weight changes observed at sixth fortnight was significant in T2 group (20% azolla meal). The weight gained after sixth fortnight was significantly higher in T2 group, i.e (5.73 to 11.16 kg) in T2 group, (5.76 to 10.29 kg) in T1 group and (5.66 to 9.77 kg) in T3 group.
Background: Pregnancy and child birth are special events in women`s life and indeed in the lives of their families.This can be a time of great hope and joyful anticipation.The primary aim of antenatal care is to achieve, at the end of pregnancy, a healthy mother and baby.The quality of care is more important.Pregnancy requires specialized care generally agreed to preventive activity. Aim:To assess the knowledge regarding management of anaemia in pregnancy among antenatal women attending antenatal clinic at selected hospital of Jamuhar, Bihar. Objectives:To assess the level of knowledge regarding anemia in pregnancy among antenatal women and to find the association between the level of knowledge about anemia in pregnancy among antenatal women.Methods: 60 antenatal women attending the antenatal clinic of Narayan Medical College hospital, Jamuhar, Bihar were selected using non-probability purposive sampling technique and were given self-reported questionnaire to assess the knowledge about anaemia in pregnancy. Results:The present study highlighted that among 60 antenatal women, majority 24(40%) of them had inadequate level of knowledge, 34(56.66%) of them had moderately adequate knowledge and 2(3.33%) of them had inadequate knowledge. Conclusion:This study concluded that most of the antenatal women had moderate level of knowledge about prevention and management of anaemia which emphasises the need for creation of knowledge among antenatal women to bring forth better maternal and fetal outcomes.
This study compares the costs and returns of paddy farms under SRI, transplantation and direct seeding methods. A pre-tested schedule was used to collect data through survey method related to the rabi season. The study was based on input-output data from 90 sample paddy farmers i.e., 30 each adopting transplantation, SRI and direct seeding methods were selected randomly in Warangal district of Andhra Pradesh. The Cobb-Douglas production function analysis indicated increasing returns to scale in SRI (∑bi =1.0821) and decreasing returns to scale for transplanted farms (∑bi =0.8734) and direct seeded farms (∑bi =0.8374) indicating that SRI was comparatively better system than transplantation and direct seeding methods. The production elasticities are negative for manures and fertilizers (−0.0036) in SRI, plant protection chemicals (−0.0060) in transplantation, and fertilizers (0.0270) in direct seeded paddy farms indicating the excess usage of these inputs.
A study was undertaken in Krishna river sub-basin (between Nagarjuna Sagar and Prakasham barrage) with an objective to assess the current farming systems and opportunities to introduce alternative farming systems. The sub-basin covers 192 mandals in 17 revenue divisions of seven districts, i.e. Mahaboobnagar, Khammam, Nalgonda, Warangal, Rangareddy, Krishna and Guntur. Survey was conducted in 27 mandals across 16 revenue divisions covering 135 farmers. The size of the land holding differed with source of irrigation. The size of the land holding was greater under rain-fed situation followed by canals and tube wells. The predominant cropping situations observed are paddy-paddy sequence under canal irrigation in black soils (22.2%). It was followed by cotton under rain-fed situation (21.5%) and paddy-paddy sequence (12.6%) under tube well. According to source of irrigation, cotton was predominant under rain-fed conditions (36.3%) followed by paddy-paddy sequence under canal irrigation and tube wells (25.9%). Higher gross and net returns were obtained by growing chili under different irrigation sources followed by sugarcane, cabbage and cotton. The farming system returns were higher wherever they were under canal + tube well or open wells. The returns were higher with agriculture + dairy + goat/sheep with open wells + tube wells + canal followed by agriculture and dairy with tube well, canal and rain-fed. The average annual income of large farmers was higher in Guntur district ( 2,77,748) followed by Khammam and Krishna districts. It was mainly contributed by agricultural crops and sheep and goat rearing. It can be concluded that the adoption of agriculture with diary and sheep or goat rearing under irrigation will be more remunerative than agriculture alone.
A field study was conducted in former Medak district of Telangana state to know the impact of MGNREGS on agriculture in highest and lowest amount of budget spent mandals by grouping the farmers into MGNREGS beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. The farmers who were holding less than 5 acres of land (small farmers) were selected purposively. From the study, it was found that beneficiary farmers average land holding was 1.66 ha in Highest Expenditure Mandals (HEMs) and 1.48 ha in Lowest Expenditure Mandals (LEMs) while the non beneficiary farmers holding was 1.60 ha in HEMs and 1.42 ha in LEMs. Rice was found to be the predominant crop followed by sugarcane in the study area. Cost of cultivations were almost same for beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers and BC Ratios were slightly higher for beneficiary farmers when compared to non beneficiary farmers and the HEMs and LEMs have no significant difference in this aspect. Imputed value of owned human labour for beneficiary farmers was Rs.4242/ha and for non beneficiary farmers it was Rs. 4765/ha. Significant changes were observed in agricultural production activities, fertilizers and pesticides usage pattern, marketing pattern etc. between the beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers in the entire study area. The major discriminating factor between beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers of highest expenditure mandals were total annual income (96.48%) followed by income from agriculture (18.43%) whereas in lowest expenditure mandals, it was income from agriculture (230.69%) followed by total annual income (197.04%). It was concluded that MGNREGS has shown a positive impact on farming practices of beneficiary farmers when compared to non beneficiary farmers in the study area.
The paper traces the evolution of agricultural education in India in terms of its organization, its perceived role in rural development, and the changing social backgrounds of students enrolling in agricultural education. It focuses on issues such as inequalities, changing attitudes among graduates, technology transfer, job segmentation and gender in agricultural education. The paper identifies shortcomings in the present education system with regard to meeting societal needs. The authors propose the institutionalization and expansion of lower-level agricultural education and an aggressive programme of positive discrimination in favour of rural sections of the community, both in education and employment, so as to make agricultural education and those it trains relevant to the Indian context.
Successful pregnancy establishment has a major influence on reproductive efficiencies of dairy buffaloes. This success depends on coordinated communications between conceptus and maternally derived cells, and any disturbance in this communication network during this process leads to early embryonic losses. Since, early embryonic losses is one of the prime cause of pregnancy failure in dairy buffaloes, present investigation was aimed to understand the expression dynamics and correlation pattern of Interferon tau stimulated genes and chemokines during peri-implantation period in dairy buffaloes through transcriptional profiling followed by Principal Component Analysis. Our study revealed upregulation of all the candidate genes in maternal whole blood across the parity, emphasizing the involvement of immune responses as signatures for healthy pregnancy. Understanding these embryo-maternal communication signals offers potential to prevent incidences of early embryonic losses and can provide insights on possible targets for therapy too.
The genetic polymorphism of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1 gene (BMPR1B) was studied in 100 does of Black Bengal goats. The study revealed 2 genetic variants, A (0.25) and G (0.75) and 2 genotypes, AG (0.5) and GG (0.5). Genotypic and allelic frequencies at BMPR1B locus revealed the abundance of mutant type (G) nucleotide in Black Bengal goats. All animals, were found to carry the mutant allele. A positive correlation was observed between the litter size and mutant type genotype. Heterozygous carrier and homozygous carrier does had litter size of 1.6 ± 0.26 and 2.07 ± 0.28 respectively. The results showed that BMPR1 B polymorphism may be targeted for upgrading low prolific breeds of Indian goat by introgression of this mutation in non prolific breeds by crossing.
Protecting highly degradable protein sources like GN cake and mustard cake by formaldehyde treatment gave very good results in terms of increased growth rate and milk production in cattle, buffaloes and goats. Several studies were conducted to prove this point. Higher protein degradability results in wastage of dietary amino acids as urea excreted through urine. With regard to soybean cake, its protein can also be protected through heat treatment, which reduces degradability of soya protein. Heat treatment of whole soybean also enhances its palatability and the heat also destroys the anti-nutritional factors contained in raw beans. Among the most notable of these factors is the protease inhibitor, which binds the digestive enzymes, trypsin and chymotrypsin, rendering it unavailable to the host animal. Thus, properly processed soybean is an excellent feed ingredient which can be incorporated in the ration for high yielding cattle, buffaloes and for growing calves. Roasting of soybean is the most common heat treatment given to this proteinous feed and the roasted soybean can be incorporated even in the complete feed blocks, to act as a concentrated source of energy and protein, for high yielding dairy cows producing 15 to 20 kg of milk / day. Formaldehyde treatment of cakes (GN cake, mustard cake and soybean cake) effectively reduces their protein degradability and feeding of such treated cakes improved performance of animals in terms of growth and milk production. The treated cake has no effect on the health of animals or the milk quality. The method is also low cost and feasible, the technology has gone commercial in India.
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