To describe the current state of research and future research hotspots through a metrological analysis of the literature in the field of forensic anthropological remains identification research.
Structural heterogeneity in the vadose zone can significantly influence the dynamics of surface and subsurface distribution of water. It is one important reason for the patterned crops in fields. GPR as a non-invasive tool facilitates the quick investigation of subsurface structures and associated soil water contents of agricultural lands. A field study site with patterned wheat was surveyed at 1.5 m line spacing using 400 MHz multichannel GPR. Through time-lapse snapshots of the ground with multi-channel GPR and surface TDR measurements after a heavy rainfall event, we (i) determine the subsurface 3D architecture, (ii) simultaneously measure the depth-averaged soil water content, and (iii) assess the influence of the structural heterogeneity on the surface and subsurface soil water redistribution. Through investigating the field-scale soil water dynamics, we discuss the relationship between soil architecture and the patterned crops in hydrological perspective. Results demonstrate that multi-channel GPR allows the collection of valuable information about the subsurface structure and soil water dynamics at site-specific land.
Abstract The nature of K‐feldspars of four soils developed from glacial till deposits and lacustrine sediments in Saskatchewan, Canada was studied. The K‐feldspars from the size fractions 20‐2,000µ were concentrated by heavy liquid separation at a specific gravity of 2.59. X‐ray diffraction analysis was used to identify orthoclase and microcline, to estimate the proportion of orthoclase to microcline, and to determine the obliquity of microcline. The K‐feldspars in the size fractions 50 to 2,000µ of certain soils were further studied by optical microscope and electron microprobe methods. The proportion of orthoclase to microcline increased with decrease in particle size. In the comparable size fractions of the soils developed from the glacial till deposits, the proportion of orthoclase to microcline increased from north to south in the region under study. The proportion of orthoclase to microcline was higher in the Orthic Black soil developed from the lacustrine sediments than in the Orthic Black soil developed from glacial till deposits. The data obtained show the bearings of soil parent material on the relative abundance of orthoclase to microcline. The obliquity values range from 0.81 to 0.89, indicating a high degree of exsolution. The presence of perthite, as revealed by X‐ray data, optical microscope, and electron microprobe studies, further elucidate the nature of exsolution.
Despite the progress that has been made during the past several decades in forensic pathology, post-mortem diagnosis of hyperthermia remains difficult. The current study aimed to investigate the spectral changes in rat liver under hyperthermic conditions compared with the control groups of fatal asphyxiation, brainstem injury, and massive haemorrhage, using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. Forty Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: hyperthermia; asphyxiation; brainstem injury; and massive haemorrhage. The absorbance of ten major absorption bands (1238, 1307, 1396, 1454, 1540, 2850, 2919, 2958, 3070 and 3290 cm−1) was significant higher in the hyperthermia group compared with the groups of asphyxiation, brainstem injury and massive haemorrhage. The band absorbance ratios of A2958/A2850 and A1650/A1540 were significantly lower, whereas the A1454/A1238, A1396/A1238 and A1307/A1238 ratios were significantly higher in the hyperthermia group compared with the other three causes of death. The frequency of 3290 cm−1 was significantly lower in the hyperthermia group compared with the other three causes of death. Further, using PCA, we demonstrated that infrared spectra extracted from different groups were distinct from each other. These results suggest that FTIR microspectroscopy is a useful technique for discriminating hyperthermia from other causes of death.
Estimation of the time since death (postmortem interval, PMI) is one of the most difficult problems in forensic investigations and many methods currently are utilized to estimate the PMI. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of rat kidney cortex from time zero to 168 h postmortem at molecular level. The spectra of rat kidney cortex displayed the prominent changes with increasing postmortem interval. (1) Significant increase in the intensity of the C-H stretching bands at 2958, 2925, 2871, 2852 cm −1 ,t he=C-H stretching band at 3012 cm −1 , the CO2 − symmetric stretching band at 1396 cm −1 and the N-H bend, C-N stretching at 1541 cm −1 ; (2) significant decrease in the intensity of the PO2 − stretching band at 1238, 1080 cm −1 ; (3) the intensity of at 3303, 1652 and 1170 cm −1 remained relatively stable. The linear regression analysis of the various absorption intensity and area ratios against the PMI shows a close correlation, maximum for A1541/A1396 ratio (R 2 = 0.95) and minimum for I1080/I1396 ratio (R 2 = 0.70). Our results indicate
The researches on postmortem interval （PMI） estimation are very important and meaningful in forensic science. PMI estimation is also an important issue that must be solved in practice of forensic pathology. There are many defects existing in traditional methods for PMI estimation, so it is imperative to introduce new pathways. With the emergence of various new technologies, the researches on PMI estimation have a tendency from simple to complex with a growth of data. The present review firstly summarizes a series of methods used for PMI estimation, and then gives an outlook for the application of artificial intelligence algorithms in this field.死亡时间推断最新研究与展望.死亡时间推断相关研究在法医学领域中有着极为重要的地位和意义，一直是法医病理学实践中亟待解决的重大问题之一。传统的方法与手段存在许多缺陷，新方法的引入势在必行。随着各种新技术的涌现，关于死亡时间推断的研究有着从简单到复杂的趋势，数据量也随之不断增长。本文首先总结了既往死亡时间推断的方法，最后对基于大数据人工智能算法在法医学死亡时间推断研究中的应用进行了展望。.法医病理学；死亡时间；大数据；人工智能；综述
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