To review and summarize the latest development of the therapy for the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).The recently-published articles related to the therapies for DMD were extensively reviewed and briefly summarized.The therapeutic approaches for DMD included the gene therapy, the cell therapy, and the pharmacological therapy. The gene therapy and the cell therapy were focused on the treatment for the cause of DMD by the delivery of the missing gene, the modification of the mutated gene, and the transfer of the normal cells including the stem cells, while the pharmacological therapy dealt with the downstream events caused by the dystrophin gene defect, slowed down the pathologic progress of DMD, and improved the DMD patient's life quality and life span, by medication and other factor treatments.There is still no cure for DMD because of various difficulties in replacing or repairing the defected gene and of the multifaceted nature of the severe symptoms. Therefore, it is imperative for us to find out a more effective treatment that can solve these problems.
Gel polymers are widely used in different fields due to their unique properties, especially in flexible electronic devices. However, developing multienvironmentally-tolerant (antifreezing, antidrying, and solvent-resistant) gel polymer-based soft electronics is still a significant challenge. Herein, a binary solvent system-based versatile organohydrogel is designed and successfully prepared, which exhibits superior stretchability, favorable self-adhesive properties, prominent temperature tolerance, and excellent solvent-resistant capabilities. Furthermore, the as-assembled organohydrogel-based sensor demonstrates a satisfied sensitivity (GF = 1.8), wide strain range (5–500%), and outstanding human motion detection. Meanwhile, the obtained organohydrogel can also serve as an all-weather sensor for achieving precise and reliable mechanical sensing in a wide temperature range from −50 to 50 °C and diverse liquid media consisting of water, toluene, and carbon tetrachloride. Interestingly, the organohydrogel displays a repeatable transmittance change behavior in water and dimethyl sulfoxide, based on this feature, which could realize the functional applications for recording and erasing information. It is envisioned that these superior performances render the as-prepared organohydrogel suitable to develop future advanced soft electronics with multienvironmental tolerance.
To study the potential of a bio-derived material combined with Pluronic F-127 in vitro as a delivery vehicle for WO-1 in the bone repair therapy.Bio-derived materials were fabricated and loaded with WO-1 by Pluronic F-127. Micromorphology and porosity were detected by the scanning electron microscope and the digital image analysis system respectively. The WO-1 release from the system in vitro was studied by the high performance liquid chromatography.Bio-derived material-WO-1 drug delivery systems were created with the interconnected pore network. The porosity and pore size of the system were 55% and 522.43 +/- 16.75 microm respectively, compared with those of bio-derived materials, which were 75% and 623. 67 +/- 12.31 microm respectively. And the main composition of the system was HA. The in vitro release kinetics of WO-1 revealed that an effective therapeutic concentration (0.2-0.8 microg/ml) of WO-1 was maintained for 6 days after a high initial burst release. Conclusion The bio-derived material-WO-1 drug delivery system can be used in the bone repair therapy. However, the in vivo study on it is still needed.
Localized cancer treatments with combination drugs have recently emerged as crucial approaches for effective inhibition of tumor growth and reoccurrence. In this study, we present a new strategy for the osteosarcoma treatment by localized co-delivery of multiple drugs, including doxorubicin (DOX), cisplatin (CDDP) and methotraxate (MTX), using thermosensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogels. The release profiles of the drugs from the hydrogels were investigated in vitro. It was found that the multidrug coloaded hydrogels exhibited synergistic effects on cytotoxicity against osteosarcoma Saos-2 and MG-63 cells in vitro. After a single peritumoral injection of the drug-loaded hydrogels into nude mice bearing human osteosarcoma Saos-2 xenografts, the hydrogels coloaded with DOX, CDDP, and MTX displayed the highest tumor suppression efficacy in vivo for up to 16 days, as well as led to enhanced tumor apoptosis and increased regulation of the expressions of apoptosis-related genes. Moreover, the monitoring on the mice body change and the ex vivo histological analysis of the key organs indicated that the localized treatments caused less systemic toxicity and no obvious damage to the normal organs. Therefore, the approach of localized co-delivery of DOX, CDDP, and MTX by the thermosensitive hydrogels may be a promising approach for enhanced osteosarcoma treatment.
Hydrogels with integrated attributes of mechanical toughness, transparency, self-healing ability, and freezing tolerance have attracted tremendous attention because of their promising applications in advanced intelligent systems, flexible energy storage devices, and wearable electronics. Herein, we developed a multifunctional gel polymer with hybrid double network structures by introducing the biological macromolecular chains of gelatin and chemically cross-linked DMA (N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-AA (acrylic acid) chains into the binary solvent of ethylene glycol and water. Due to the synergy of the double networks and abundant dynamic noncovalent interactions, the as-prepared gel exhibits high stretchability (up to 1070%), excellent tensile strength (up to 102 kPa), and good self-healing efficiency (up to 85%), which can serve as a sensitive, fast-responsive, and durable strain sensor with self-healing function for real-time detection of different parts of human movements (finger, wrist, elbow, neck, and keen). Noticeably, in view of the inhibitory effect of ethylene glycol molecules on ice crystal growth, a freezing-resistant communication device based on the gel sensor is successfully designed, which can encrypt and transmit various messages to the receiver even in an extremely cold environment of −35 °C. We believe that this work will provide a feasible method to construct mechanically toughened, self-healing, and low-temperature tolerant flexible materials for versatile applications in wearable electronics.
OBJECTIVE To observe the expressions of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in muscle satellite cells in situ of normal and cardiotoxin-intoxicated muscle tissues so as to further investigate the molecular mechanism involving in muscle regeneration such as progressing muscular dystrophy (PMD) for seeking the way to cure muscle retrogression. METHODS The muscle injured model of 12 C57 male mice was made by injecting cardiotoxin (5 microg per mouse) in left quadriceps femoris, their right quadriceps femoris was used as control without any injection. The histological, immunohistochemical analysis and RT-PCR were done to investigate the expression of CXCR4 in the quadriceps femoris in situ after 1 day, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 weeks. RESULTS HE staining results demonstrated that the muscle tissues experienced the process from muscle injury, repair to regeneration. The result of immunohistochemistry showed that the expressions of CXCR4 in injured muscle tissue were 1955.6 +/- 150.3, 2223.2 +/- 264.3, 2317.6 +/- 178.7, 3066.5 +/- 269.6, 1770.9 +/- 98.7 and 1505.7 +/- 107.1 at 1 day, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 weeks after injection of cardiotoxin, there was significant difference when compared with normal muscle (640.3 +/- 124.0, P < 0.00 1). The RT-PCR showed that the expressions of CXCR4 mRNA in injured muscle tissue were 0.822 +/- 0.013, 0.882 +/- 0.025, 1.025 +/- 0.028, 1.065 +/- 0.041, 0.837 +/- 0.011 and 0.777 +/- 0.015 at 1 day, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 weeks after injection of cardiotoxin, there was significant difference when compared with normal muscle (0.349 +/- 0.006, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION CXCR4 may be the critical protein in the process of muscle impairment and reparation.
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