Abstract Rationale TNFα inhibitors have shown promise in reducing mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients; one hypothesis explaining the limited clinical efficacy is patient heterogeneity in the TNFα pathway. Methods We evaluated the effect of TNFα inhibitors in a mouse model of LPS-induced acute lung injury. Using machine learning we attempted predictive enrichment of TNFα signaling in patients with either ARDS or sepsis. We examined biological factors that drive heterogeneity in host responses to critical infection and their relation to clinical outcomes. Results In mice, LPS induced TNFα–dependent neutrophilia, alveolar permeability and endothelial injury. In humans, TNFα pathway activation was significantly increased in peripheral blood of patients with critical illnesses and associated with the presence of mature neutrophils across critical illnesses and several autoimmune conditions. Machine learning using a gene signature separated patients into 5 phenotypes; one was a hyper-inflammatory, interferon-associated phenotype enriched for increased TNFα pathway activation and conserved across critical illnesses and autoimmune diseases. Cell subset profiles segregated severely ill patients into neutrophil-subset-dependent groups that were enriched for disease severity, demonstrating the importance of neutrophils in the immune response in critical illness. Conclusions TNFα signaling and mature neutrophils are associated with a hyper-inflammatory phenotype of patients, shared across critical illness and autoimmune disease. This phenotyping provides a personalized medicine hypothesis to test anti-TNFα therapy in severe respiratory illness. Graphical abstract
The paper presents the history of tick-borne infections study, which was carried out at the Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, and an analysis of the current epidemiological situation of tick-borne infections in the Republic of Tatarstan. Tick-borne encephalitis was previously quite fully studied in the natural foci of the taiga zone of the USSR, but there was practically no information regarding the features of its distribution in the forest-steppe zone. The occurrence of a number of outbreaks of this disease in the territory of the Tatar ASSR and neighboring republics made research in this direction particularly relevant. Since 1955, the Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology has begun work to identify and study natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis in the Middle Volga region. These studies have acquired the character of constant monitoring and are being systematically continued up to the present time. It was found that the main carriers of ixodid tick-borne borreliosis pathogens in Tatarstan are two types of ixodid ticks, the same as in viral tick-borne encephalitis. The similarity of the areas and basic patterns of the epidemiology of viral tick-borne encephalitis and borreliosis, as well as the possibility of the simultaneous circulation of the causative agents of these diseases (virus and borrelia) in the same ecosystem, has been revealed. Studies of the Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology on the etiology, epidemiology and prevention of infections transmitted by ticks were carried out as part of long-term observations of the state of populations of various types of ixodid ticks in the physical and geographical regions of the Republic of Tatarstan, starting from the 50s of the XX century. This made it possible to trace changes in their spatial structure and assess their current epizootological significance. Landscape and epidemiological zoning of the republic's territories according to tick-borne infections has been carried out. Starting from 2012, new infections have been studied: monocytic ehrlichiosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis.
The paper presents a description of the epidemiological situation on Hantavirus infection incidence in the countries around the world. Comparative analysis of the intensity and dynamics of the epidemiological process of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Russian Federation by Federal Districts in 2021 has been carried out and forecast of the HFRS incidence for 2022 prepared. The study has revealed that tense situation on incidence of hantavirus diseases was observed in the world in 2021. On the territory of the Russian Federation, there was a decrease in the HFRS incidence in 2021 (by 1.7 times compared to 2020). However, the results of epidemiological analysis of the HFRS incidence, epizootiological data and laboratory studies in certain Federal Districts of the Russian Federation indicate that the epidemiological situation on HFRS remains tense. High risk of HFRS infection is predicted in a number of regions of the country due to the favorable natural and climatic conditions in the winter period of 2021–2022 with a heavy snow cover, which contributed to the under-snow reproduction of small mammals, the main carriers of HFRS. The presence of infected rodents testifies to a high likelihood of complication of the epidemiological situation in areas of increased epidemic risk of HFRS.
The article considers the current aspects of needs satisfaction in the context of the development of two strong trends: digitalization of the process of choosing and purchasing of goods and services and the emergence of the society from the state of self-isolation during COVID-19 pandemic.The key problem of the study is the global changes in consumption ecosystems that are caused by technical, organizational and institutional factors that affect marketing, society's economic resources and the development potential of new and emerging markets of e-commerce and online sales.According to the results of the literature review, it was noted that traditional material consumption is replaced by symbolic, the satisfaction of basic needs is replaced by the need to belong to a social group or corporate brand culture, usually global and controlled by a major global transnational corporations and transnational banks.For the most part, all modern social media and business models, based on Big Data and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, operate on the need to impose their vision of happiness on the user through the possession of a certain set of goods or services.The authors, based on the methodological apparatus of behavioral economics, highlight the irrational link in consumption, viewing it as a psychological deviation from normal economic behavior.The COVID-19 pandemic has only increased the suggestibility of focus groups and the ability to externally control them through sophisticated mechanisms of information manipulation.In this study, the authors highlighted new consumption habits and the most frequent patterns of buyer's behavior.Conclusions are drawn about the formation of new social classes due to the fact that some users live only in online, virtual world instead of the material one, and the need to introduce sustainable and moderately rational consumption.This problem is as acute as the problems of nature management and ecology, because marketing and consumerism, even if they exist only in the virtual world, are impossible without a material basis.
Objective of the study is to investigate natural focality of Ixodidae tick borreliosis, granulocytic anaplasmosis, monocytic ehrli-chiosis in humans in the Republic of Tatarstan. Materials and methods. Utilized were the data from tick studies conducted between 2010–2015. Applying immune-enzymatic analysis, investigated were the blood sera from residents (donors) of Kazan and municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan for the presence of specific antibodies to borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis pathogens. Results and conclusions. For the first time ever, the data on spontaneous carriage of Ehrlichiosis pathogens in Ixodidae ticks have been obtained. The information received is an indicative of the active circulation of Borrelia, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma in the territory of the region and of necessity to expand the research on the “novel” for the Republic nosological forms of natural-focal infections.
