Background
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) usually present different histopathologic changes in the outer retinal layers at acute and non-acute phase.Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and short-wave length fundus autofluorescence (SW-AF) are non-invasive imaging techniques.
Objective
This study was to observe the image features of SD-OCT and SW-AF in the eyes with CRAO.
Methods
The images of SD-OCT, SW-AF, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and color fundus picture were retrospectively compared and analyzed in 38 eyes of 36 patients with CRAO, who were diagnosed and examined in Xijing Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University from March 2012 to January 2014.The pragmatic value of SD-OCT and SW-AF in the diagnosis of acute CRAO and non-acute CRAO was evaluated.
Results
Acute CRAO was found in 68.42% patients (26/38), including 2 eyes with ciliary artery; while non-acute CRAO was included in 31.58% (12/38). The edema, thickening and structural disorder of the inner layers of retinas were exhibited in SD-OCT images, and SW-AF was weakened in the acute-stage of CRAO, and the range and degree of disease in the SD-OCT and SW-AF were in accordance with that in the FFA and color fundus picture.In addition, in non-acute CRAO, the inner retinal layer was thinning due to the decrease of retinal layers, but the thickness and structure were normal in the outer retinal layer in SD-OCT, and SW-AF image was close to normal.
Conclusions
SD-OCT can reveal the edema and thickness changes of retinas in acute and non-acute CRAO eyes, while SW-AF can offer the abnormal information of retinal lesions in acute CRAO eyes.Being noninvasive examination approachs, SD-OCT and SW-AF play important roles in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of CRAO.
Key words:
Tomography, optical coherence; Arterial occlusive diseases/pathology; Retinal artery; Acute disease; Diagnostic imaging; Humans; Retrospective studies; Autofluorescence
Abstract Homo sapiens longevity assurance homolog 2 of yeast LAG1 ( LASS2 ), is a gene isolated from a human liver complementary DNA library. In this study, we found that LASS2 protein level was positively related to International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage and LASS2‐negative tumors showed significant association with longer disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in ovarian cancer patients. The heterogeneous expression of LASS2 had been exhibited in diverse ovarian cancer cells. A significantly lower messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein level of LASS2 was seen in 3AO cell compared with those in other types of ovarian cancer cells. Meanwhile, the mRNA and protein levels of LASS2 in ES‐2 and NIH:OVCAR‐3 cells were obviously higher. LASS2 overexpression in 3AO cell could promote migration, invasion, and metastasis abilities in vitro and in vivo, while LASS2 knockdown in ES‐2 and NIH:OVCAR‐3 cells had the opposite effects. The oncogenic capacity of LASS2 in ovarian cancer may be mediated by increased expression of YAP/TAZ. It is indicated that lowering the expression of LASS2 is likely to serve as an unprecedented approach for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Abstract Ectodermal‐neural cortex 1 (ENC1) belongs to a member of the kelch family of genes. It is an actin‐binding protein and plays a pivotal role in neuronal and adipocyte differentiation. Here, we found that lower expression of ENC1 in the ovarian cancer patients was associated with favorable prognosis. In addition, ENC1 was heterogeneously expressed in various ovarian cancer cells. The messenger RNA and protein expression levels of ENC1 in HO‐8910PM and NIH:OVCAR‐3 cells were obviously higher than that in the other types of ovarian cancer cells. Knockdown of ENC1 in HO‐8910PM or NIH:OVCAR‐3 cells could significantly increase the reactive oxygen species levels, resulting in inhibition of in vitro proliferation, migration, and invasion. Our findings suggest that decreasing expression of ENC1 may be a new approach that can be used for ovarian cancer treatment.
Objective Mouse models possessing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and/or human aldose reductase (hAR) in vascular tissues have been established and crossed with naturally diabetic Akita mice to produce new diabetic mouse models. Research Design and Methods Colonies of transgenic C57BL mice expressing GFP (SMAA-GFP), hAR (SMAA-hAR) or both (SMAA-GFP-hAR) in vascular tissues expressing smooth muscle actin were established and crossbred with C57BL/6-Ins2Akita/J (AK) mice to produce naturally diabetic offspring AK-SMAA-GFP and AK-SMAA-GFP-hAR. Aldose reductase inhibitor AL1576 (ARI) was administered in chow. Retinal and lenticular sorbitol levels were determined by HPLC. Retinal functions were evaluated by electroretinography (ERGs). Growth factor and signaling changes were determined by Western Blots using commercially available antibodies. Retinal vasculatures were isolated from the neural retina by enzymatic digestion. Flat mounts were stained with PAS-hematoxylin and analyzed. Results Akita transgenics developed DM by 8 weeks of age with blood glucose levels higher in males than females. Sorbitol levels were higher in neural retinas of AK-SMAA-GFP-hAR compared to AK-SMAA-GFP mice. AK-SMAA-GFP-hAR mice also had higher VEGF levels and reduced ERG scotopic b-wave function, both of which were normalized by AL1576. AK-SMAA-GFP-hAR mice showed induction of the retinal growth factors bFGF, IGF-1, and TGFβ, as well as signaling changes in P-Akt, P-SAPK/JNK and P-44/42 MAPK that were also reduced by ARI treatment. Quantitative analysis of flat mounts in 18 week AK-SMAA-GFP-hAR mice revealed increased loss of nuclei/capillary length and a significant increase in the percentage of acellular capillaries present which was not seen in AK-SMAA-GFP-hAR treated with ARI. Conclusions/Significance These new mouse models of early onset diabetes may be valuable tools for assessing both the role of hyperglycemia and AR in the development of retinal lesions associated with diabetic retinopathy.
Objective To observe clinical outcomes of laser photocoagulation on retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).Methods Clinical data of 64 cases of ROP infants (127 eyes) were studied retrospectively.Fifteen infants (30 eyes) were diagnosed of pre-threshold ROP (type Ⅰ,23.6％) and 49 cases (97 eyes) of threshold ROP (76.4％).All the eyes underwent photocoagulation through binocular indirect ophthalmoscope (532 nm or 810 nm) within 72 hours after the confirmation ROP.In all the 15 cases (30 eyes) of pre-threshold ROP (type Ⅰ),6 of them (12 eyes) were photocoagulated by laser of 532 nm,and the other 9 ones (18 eyes) were treated with 810 nm.In 49 threshold ROP infants (97 eyes),37 cases (73 eyes) and 12 ones (24 eyes) were treated with laser of 532 nm or 810 nm respectively.All the infants were followed up 12-36 months (18.4 months) since photocoagulation to investigate regression of ROP.All the data of ROP infants photocoagulated,such as recovery rate of one-time photocoagulation,repeat rate,unfavorable outcomes,and complications,were analyzed statistically according to the severity of ROP and wave length of laser employed.Results In all the 127 photocoagulation treated eyes,ROP regressed completely in 125 eyes (98.4％),temporal retinal traction remained in 2 eyes (1.6％),and no retinal detachment was found.ROP regressed completely in 118 eyes (92.9％) after one-time photocoagulation,recovered totally in 6 eyes (4.7 ％) after repeating photocoagulation 2-3 times,and resorted to cryotherapy in3 eyes (2.4％).Subconjunctiva hemorrhage,found in 12 eyes (9.4％),was the most common complication.During photocoagulation,anesthetic accident occurred in 1 infant (1.6％),and 1 eye developed cataract (0.8 ％).It was suggested from statistical analysis that there was no significant difference on efficiency or safety between pre-threshold (type Ⅰ) and threshold ROP photocoagulated by laser of 532 nm or 810 nm.However,almost all of the ROP infants need repeat photocoagulation or additional cryotherapy,and patients with unfavorable outcomes or severe complications,occurred in threshold ROP treated with 532 nm laser.Conclusion Photocoagulation with 532 nm or 810 nm laser is effective for type Ⅰ pre-threshold or threshold ROP.
Key words:
Retinopathy of prematurity/therapy; Laser coagulation
To study the expression changes of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) in femoral neck fracture, traumatic, and non-traumatic avascular necrosis of femoral head (ANFH), and to study the relationship between the expressions of VEGF, bFGF, BMP-2 mRNA and bone mass so as to explore the pathogenesis of ANFH and provide the experimental basis for individual treatment of ANFH.Femoral head specimens were obtained from 59 donors undergoing total hip replacement, including 22 cases of traumatic ANFH (group A, 13 cases of Ficat stage III and 9 cases of Ficat stage IV), 19 cases of non-traumatic ANFH (group B, 11 cases of Ficat stage III and 8 cases of Ficat stage IV; 10 cases of steroid-induced ANFH, 7 cases of alcoholic ANFH, and 2 cases of unexplained ANFH), and 18 cases of fresh femoral neck fracture (group C). There was no significant difference in the general data among 3 groups (P > 0.05). The bone mineral density (BMD) at weight-bearing area of the femoral head was measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The pathological changes were observed by using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The percentage of empty bone lacuna and the percentage of trabecular bone area were calculated. The expressions of VEGF, bFGF, and BMP-2 mRNA in femoral head were detected by use of in-situ hybridization technique.The BMD in groups A and B were significantly lower than that in group C (P < 0.05), and there was significant difference between group A and group B (P < 0.05). In the necrosis area of groups A and B, the bone trabecula was rarefactive and not of integrity, with a great number of empty bone lacuna. In healthy area, more fiber hyperplasia was observed in group A, the proliferated and hypertrophic fat cells in the medullary cavity in group B. Scanning electron microscope showed that many osteocytes underwent fatty degeneration and necrosis, and that the proliferation of fat cells in bone matrix was observed in groups A and B. While in group C, the femoral head had intact articular cartilage and intact bone trabeculae, and osteocytes were clearly seen. The percentage of empty bone lacuna was significantly higher (P < 0.05) and the percentage of trabecular bone area was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in groups A and B than group C; and there was significant difference in the percentage of empty bone lacuna between groups A and B (P < 0.05). The expressions of VEGF, bFGF, and BMP-2 mRNA were significantly lower in groups A and B than group C (P < 0.05), and the expressions of BMP-2 and bFGF mRNA in group A were significantly higher than those in group B (P < 0.05). There were positive linear correlation between the expressions of VEGF mRNA, bFGF mRNA, BMP-2 mRNA and the BMD and percentage of trabecular bone area, respectively. While there were significantly negative correlation between the expressions of VEGF mRNA, bFGF mRNA, BMP-2 mRNA and percentage of empty bone lacuna.The repair capacity of local femoral head in traumatic ANFH is stronger than that in non-traumatic ANFH. The expressions of VEGF mRNA, bFGF mRNA, and BMP-2 mRNA decline in traumatic and nontraumatic ANFH.
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