Sandflies (Diptera; Psychodidae) are medical and veterinary vectors that transmit diverse parasitic, viral, and bacterial pathogens. Their identification has always been challenging, particularly at the specific and sub-specific levels, because it relies on examining minute and mostly internal structures. Here, to circumvent such limitations, we have evaluated the accuracy and reliability of Wing Interferential Patterns (WIPs) generated on the surface of sandfly wings in conjunction with deep learning (DL) procedures to assign specimens at various taxonomic levels. Our dataset proves that the method can accurately identify sandflies over other dipteran insects at the family, genus, subgenus, and species level with an accuracy higher than 77.0%, regardless of the taxonomic level challenged. This approach does not require inspection of internal organs to address identification, does not rely on identification keys, and can be implemented under field or near-field conditions, showing promise for sandfly pro-active and passive entomological surveys in an era of scarcity in medical entomologists.
Abstract Sandflies (Diptera; Psychodidae) are medical and veterinary vectors that transmit diverse parasitic, viral, and bacterial pathogens. Their identification has always been challenging, particularly at the specific and sub-specific levels, because it relies on examining minute and mostly internal structures. Here, to circumvent such limitations, we have evaluated the accuracy and reliability of Wing Interferential Patterns (WIPs) generated on the surface of sandfly wings in conjunction with deep learning (DL) procedures to assign specimens at various taxonomic levels. Our dataset proves that the method can accurately identify sandflies over other dipteran insects at the family, genus, subgenus, and species level with an accuracy higher than 77.0%, regardless of the taxonomic level challenged. This approach does not require inspection of internal organs to address identification, does not rely on identification keys, and can be implemented under field or near-field conditions, showing promise for sandfly pro-active and passive entomological surveys in an era of scarcity in medical entomologists.
Abstract TIR domains are NAD-degrading enzymes that function during immune signaling in prokaryotes, plants, and animals. In plants, most TIR domains are incorporated into intracellular immune receptors. In Arabidopsis, TIR-derived small molecules bind and activate EDS1 heterodimers, which in turn activate RNLs, a class of cation channel-forming immune receptors. RNL activation drives cytoplasmic Ca 2+ influx, transcriptional reprogramming, pathogen resistance and host cell death. We screened for mutants that suppress an RNL activation mimic allele and identified a TIR-containing immune receptor, SADR1. Despite functioning downstream of an auto-activated RNL, SADR1 is not required for defense signaling triggered by other tested TIR-containing immune receptors. SADR1 is required for defense signaling initiated by some trans-membrane pattern recognition receptors and contributes to the unbridled spread of cell death in lesion simulating disease 1 . Together with RNLs, SADR1 regulates defense gene expression at infection site borders, likely in a non-autonomous manner. RNL mutants that cannot sustain this pattern of gene expression are unable to prevent disease spread beyond localized infection sites, suggesting that this pattern corresponds to a pathogen containment mechanism. SADR1 potentiates RNL-driven immune signaling partially through the activation of EDS1, but also partially independently of EDS1. We studied EDS1-independent TIR function using nicotinamide, an NADase inhibitor. We observed decreased defense induction from trans-membrane pattern recognition receptors and decreased calcium influx, pathogen growth restriction and host cell death following intracellular immune receptor activation. We demonstrate that TIR domains can potentiate calcium influx and defense and are thus broadly required for Arabidopsis immunity.
Some plant NLR immune receptors are encoded in head-to-head "sensor-executor" pairs that function together. Alleles of the NLR pair CHS3/CSA1 form three clades. The clade 1 sensor CHS3 contains an integrated domain (ID) with homology to regulatory domains, which is lacking in clades 2 and 3. In this study, we defined two cell-death regulatory modes for CHS3/CSA1 pairs. One is mediated by ID domain on clade 1 CHS3, and the other relies on CHS3/CSA1 pairs from all clades detecting perturbation of an associated pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) co-receptor. Our data support the hypothesis that an ancestral Arabidopsis CHS3/CSA1 pair gained a second recognition specificity and regulatory mechanism through ID acquisition while retaining its original specificity as a "guard" against PRR co-receptor perturbation. This likely comes with a cost, since both ID and non-ID alleles of the pair persist in diverse Arabidopsis populations through balancing selection.
El limite entre Hispania Ulterior y Hispania Citerior a principios del siglo II antes de Cristo En su sección sudeste la frontera entre España Ulterior y Citerior ha cambiado por última vez en época augustea. Este estado de la frontera, así como el trazado de época republicana, generalmente fechado en 197 A. C, pueden ser reconstruidos con ayuda de las fuentes antiguas. En este artículo, trataremos de demostrar la existencia de un recorrido anterior a 197 : durante los veinte años después de la conquista romana, el limite entre provincias seguía el Júcar, identificado por J. Carcopino en 1953 como el Hiberus del tratado romano-cartaginés de 226. Esta primera etapa ha dejado huellas en las fuentes históricas y geográficas posteriores.
Summary Crop yield has been greatly enhanced during the last century. However, most elite cultivars are adapted to temperate climates and are not well suited to more stressful conditions. In the context of climate change, stress resistance is a major concern. To overcome these difficulties, scientists may help breeders by providing genetic markers associated with stress resistance. However, multistress resistance cannot be obtained from the simple addition of single stress resistance traits. In the field, stresses are unpredictable and several may occur at once. Consequently, the use of single stress resistance traits is often inadequate. Although it has been historically linked with the heat stress response, the heat‐shock protein (HSP)/chaperone network is a major component of multiple stress responses. Among the HSP/chaperone ‘client proteins’, many are primary metabolism enzymes and signal transduction components with essential roles for the proper functioning of a cell. HSPs/chaperones are controlled by the action of diverse heat‐shock factors, which are recruited under stress conditions. In this review, we give an overview of the regulation of the HSP/chaperone network with a focus on Arabidopsis thaliana . We illustrate the role of HSPs/chaperones in regulating diverse signalling pathways and discuss several basic principles that should be considered for engineering multiple stress resistance in crops through the HSP/chaperone network.
Les stress ont un impact majeur sur l'agriculture. Les etudes realisees jusqu'a present portent majoritairement sur des stress simples, appliques independamment dans des conditions de culture ideales. Cependant, les combinaisons de stress sont la norme dans les champs et la reponse aux combinaisons de stress ne peut etre extrapolee a partir de l'addition des reponses aux stress simples. Une analyse bioinformatique de banques de donnees de transcriptomique a permis d’identifier un gene (HSFA2) repondant a de multiple stress, isoles ou combines. La presente these a pour but de decouvrir les mecanismes controlant l'expression d’HSFA2. Deux strategies ont alors ete mise en oeuvre. Dans un premier temps, les facteurs capables de fixer une region promotrice d’HSFA2 ont ete etudies par systeme de « simple hybride levure ». Dans un second temps, une lignee transgenique biosenseur de l’activite d’HSFA2 a ete produite et mutageneisee. De nombreux mutants ont ete selectionnes sur la base d’une expression constitutive du biosenseur. La capacite des mutants selectionnes a resister a une combinaison de stress chaleur et de stress lumiere a ensuite ete analysee. L’identification des mutations causales par sequencage du genome entier a permis, dans certains cas, de determiner quels etaient les loci responsables des resistances observees. En particulier, deux mutations conferant une large resistance seront discutees.
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