The magnetotelluric sounding (MT) method is used to detect and study the deep stratigraphic structure and hidden faults in the Shangqiu Uplift. A total of 4 MT profiles are arranged, and 97 stations are collected. The nonlinear conjugate gradient (NLCG) two-dimensional inversion method is used to jointly invert data from both the TE and TM modes after a dimensionality analysis and impedance tensor decomposition; reliable two-dimensional resistivity models are produced since the data quality is excellent. Three-dimensional inversion is carried out to full impedance tensor as well to produce a three-dimensional resistivity model of the study area, which shows good consistency with the two-dimensional models. The results show that the electrical structure of the Shangqiu Uplift has typical layered characteristics, which can be divided into three layers from top to bottom, namely low-, medium-to-high-, and high-resistivity layers. According to the resistivity models and in combination with the gravity, aeromagnetic, seismic, and regional geological data of the study area, a geological map of the basement rock of the Shangqiu Uplift is produced. Two prospective geothermal anomaly areas are proposed according to the distribution of the high-resistivity anomaly formed by the basement uplift, which has a good corresponding relationship with the high-value area of the regional geothermal field. A geothermal exploration well (SR-1) is constructed in one of the inferred prospective geothermal anomaly areas. The well is 1702 m deep, with a water output of 1500 m3/day and a wellhead water temperature of 51.5 °C. This is the geothermal well with the largest water yield in the Shangqiu area at present, which provides a new basis for future geothermal exploration, development, and utilization.
A study on the synthesis of neural network and fuzzy logic based controllers for optimally controlling uncertain nonlinear systems linear in control is presented in this paper. Three different kinds of hierarchical controller architectures are proposed, which include a hierarchical neuro-fuzzy controller architecture, a hierarchical fuzzy-neuro controller architecture, and a hierarchical fuzzy logic controller architecture. This study concludes that the proposed neural-network and fuzzy logic based control schemes are useful for nonlinear system applications. It first shows that fuzzy controllers, besides neural controllers, can be synthesized to approximately identify the switching manifold for optimal control. It then shows that the neuro-fuzzy controller, fuzzy-neuro controller, and hierarchical fuzzy controller can deal with system parametric uncertainties. Further, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy controllers, fuzzy-neuro controllers, and hierarchical fuzzy controllers are developed to deal with systems with time varying parametric uncertainties.
Abstract The strength–ductility trade-off has long been a Gordian knot in conventional metallic structural materials and it is no exception in multi-principal element alloys. In particular, at ultrahigh yield strengths, plastic instability, that is, necking, happens prematurely, because of which ductility almost entirely disappears. This is due to the growing difficulty in the production and accumulation of dislocations from the very beginning of tensile deformation that renders the conventional dislocation hardening insufficient. Here we propose that premature necking can be harnessed for work hardening in a VCoNi multi-principal element alloy. Lüders banding as an initial tensile response induces the ongoing localized necking at the band front to produce both triaxial stress and strain gradient, which enables the rapid multiplication of dislocations. This leads to forest dislocation hardening, plus extra work hardening due to the interaction of dislocations with the local-chemical-order regions. The dual work hardening combines to restrain and stabilize the premature necking in reverse as well as to facilitate uniform deformation. Consequently, a superior strength-and-ductility synergy is achieved with a ductility of ~20% and yield strength of 2 GPa during room-temperature and cryogenic deformation. These findings offer an instability-control paradigm for synergistic work hardening to conquer the strength–ductility paradox at ultrahigh yield strengths.
Majiagou Formation is an important Ordovician gas-bearing formation in Ordos Basin.The diagenesis types and the petrogenetic conditions of carbonate rocks of Majiagou Formation in southern Jingbian tableland are studied.The result shows that dolomitisation,ancient karstification and cemented metasomatism are dominated factors for the reservoir.According to various diagenesis characteristics and paragenetic sequence relations,it is concluded that this set of carbonate rocks mainly experienced four diagenetic stages:penecontemporaneous diagenetic stage,epidiagenetic stage,early diagenetic stage and anadiagenetic stage,and at present,it reached the later period of anadiagenetic stage.Based on the research of the diagenesis and combinatory sequence,the diagenetic facies is studied,and it is roughly divided into three diagenetic facies,including hypergene ancient karst-early filling cementation diagenetic facies,hypergene ancient karst-buried ancient karst diagenetic facies and buried cementation diagenetic facies.Hypergene ancient karst-buried ancient karst diagenetic facies has the best reservoir quality.Based on the studies on the influencing factors,the plane distribution of the diagenetic facies is definited,which provides foundations for reservoir evaluation and prediction.
Because logging response equations are non-linear in the evaluation of logging data,the conventional optimization method can not be used to solve such problems,while the genetic algorithm has some advantages.Based on the genetic algorithm and the forword platform,a corresponding program was compiled to deal with the actual logging data in a certain region.Results show that the calculated results agree with the experimental results.
Geothermal resources are abundant in the Southern North China Basin, which is one of the prospective areas hosting low–medium-temperature geothermal resources in sedimentary basins in China. The purpose of this work is to reveal the formation and storage conditions of the geothermal resources in the western margin of the Taikang Uplift and delineate the range of potential geothermal reservoirs. This paper uses five magnetotelluric sounding profiles for data processing and analysis, including the calculation of 2D skewness and electric strike. Data processing, analysis, and NLCG 2D inversion were performed on MT data, which consisted of 111 measurement points, and reliable two-dimensional resistivity models and resistivity planes were obtained. In combination with drilling verification and the analysis of geophysical logging data, the stratigraphic lithology and the range of potential geothermal reservoirs were largely clarified. The results show that using the magnetotelluric sounding method can well delineate the range of deep geothermal reservoirs in sedimentary basins and that the MT method is suitable for exploring buried geothermal resources in deep plains. The analytical results showed that the XZR-1 well yielded 1480 cubic meters of water per day, with the water temperature of the wellhead being approximately 78 °C, and combined with the results of this electromagnetic and drilling exploration, a geothermal geological model and genesis process of the west of the Taikang Uplift area was constructed. The water yield and temperature were higher than those of previous exploration results, which has important guiding significance for the future development and utilization of karst fissure heat reservoirs in the western Taikang Uplift.
Meeting the requirements of flexible electronic devices remains a challenge in achieving stable and highly conductive polyurethane composites (CPCs) with minimal loading PEDOT:PSS. In this study, PEDOT:PSS based CPCs were prepared using a novel method involving pore collapse of aerogels. Initially, polyurethane aerogels (PUAs) were synthesized with varying pore sizes ranging from 3.2μm to 9.1μm based on specific formula ratios. Subsequently, solvent evaporation at 120°C caused shrinkage and collapse of the PUAs' pore structure, resulting in the formation of a continuous conductive circuit composed of PEDOT:PSS in polyurethane elastomers (CAPPs) . CAPPs containing 1.53 wt% PEDOT:PSS exhibited remarkably high conductivity characteristics (1590 S/m). These CAPPs demonstrated excellent mechanical flexibility as they could withstand stretching, bending, and twisting without significant changes in resistance or affecting LED brightness. Moreover, they proved suitable for use as soft electrodes for electrocardiography (ECG) during exercise to monitor heart rate. This work presents an innovative approach for constructing highly conductive networks through pore collapse of aerogels and obtaining low-loading conductive polymers.
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