IntroductionCertain blood parameters can help in assessing the prognosis and severity of Covid-19 infection which can help in risk stratification on presentation to healthcare facilities. This study thus elicited the predictors of severe outcomes of Covid-19 among patients by measuring certain blood parameters at the time of admission. MethodologyThis retrospective study collected secondary data of 559 patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal during November 2020 to February 2022. Severity of Covid-19 infection was assessed using CURB-65 scoring. Factors associated were analyzed using Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression analysis. Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to determine the predictability of disease severity and in-hospital outcomes using hematological parameters. ResultsMedian age of the study participants was 54 years (IQR=66-42 years), males comprised 63% of the participants. Both Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and d-NLR had almost high sensitivity, low specificity and predictability for disease severity and outcome ofinfection. Lymphocyte-monocyte ratio was found to be significantly associated with disease severity and outcome. Thrombocytopenia was common in severe patients requiring ICU admission. ConclusionComplete hemogram at the time of presentation to the health facility can act as simple and effective tool to assess the disease severity and prognosis of Covid-19 infection.
Introduction: SARS-COV-2 has created havoc during 2019-2021. Diagnosis and managing complications needed both laboratory investigations and imaging modalities.Aims and objectives: To find out the association between socio-demographic and clinical profiles of the studysubjects with their different laboratory investigations and imaging modalities and to compare normal investigations with their gold-standard variants.Materials and Methods: During the first wave of COVID-19, a descriptive, observational, and cross-sectionalstudy was carried out on 120 consecutive samples of mild to moderate COVID patients using a conveniencesampling technique in a COVID indoor ward of Medical College, Kolkata. The semi-structured data collectionform used in the study was predesigned, pretested, face and content validated. SPSS version 25 and Microsoft Excel version 19 was used for data analysis after coding. Ethical approval was taken. (Ref No. MC/KOL/IEC/ Non-Spon/842/11/2020).Results: Old age, uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension, presence of symptoms especially shortness of breath is significantly associated with low levels of SpO2, elevated C reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer, abnormal Chest X-ray (CXR) and CT Thorax. A Kappa analysis suggested CRP and CXR can also be done instead of D-dimer and CT Thorax respectively, in a COVID patient for monitoring complications.Conclusion: CRP and CXR are cost-effective alternatives and can be used as diagnostic modalities for monitoring of complications of mild to moderate COVID-19 infections.
The origin of chromitites in the Bushveld Complex has been attributed to two principal mechanisms: (1) gravity-controlled settling of chromite onto the chamber floor from magma that was saturated in chromite, either initially or owing to some internal process; or (2) gravity- and size-controlled separation of chromite from coexisting olivine and orthopyroxene within crystal-rich slurries, either formed directly within the chamber or brought into the chamber from some deep staging reservoirs. Here we present field observations from potholes, roughly circular structures in which footwall rocks were removed by magmatic erosion, that rule out both approaches. A key observation is that chromitites drape the irregular margins of potholes, even where they are vertical or overhanging. These relationships eliminate both early settling of chromite from the overlying magma and late mechanical segregation of chromite within cumulates as viable hypotheses. In addition, thick chromitites commonly consist of several texturally and compositionally distinct sublayers that are locally separated by thin partings of silicate rocks. The absence of thick sequences of intervening silicate rocks from which chromite may have been separated to form these sublayers refutes an origin from crystal slurries. Transgression of chromitite–orthopyroxenite units by hanging-wall rocks excludes the origin of chromitites from crystal slurries that intrude as late-stage sills into pre-existing cumulates. The field relationships appear to be compatible only with the emplacement of superheated, dense magma along the temporary base of the chamber that led to intense melting and dissolution of the pre-existing floor cumulates, followed by the in situ crystallization of chromite directly on the irregular chamber floor. Chromitites of differing thicknesses are produced, according to the volume of the multiple replenishments. This model involving in situ crystallization of basal layers of magmas, which are saturated with chromite on cooling in the chamber, can be extended to explain the origin of chromitites in other layered intrusions.
Background: Snake bite and its consequences may be largely prevented with adequate knowledge. Better knowledge can lead to positive attitude and subsequently good practices. Hence, it is of utmost need that people should have adequate knowledge regarding snake bite and its management. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to assess the knowledge regarding prevention and management of snake bite among adults in a rural area of West Bengal and to find out any association between sociodemographic profile and knowledge on prevention as well as management of snake bite among the study participants. Materials and Methods: A community-based and observational descriptive study was conducted in the rural field practice area of Medial College, Kolkata, West Bengal for of 2 months. The study participants who were willing to participate in the study and gave written informed consent were included in the study. A pre-designed, pre-tested, and semi-structured data collection form was used. It was developed based on similar type of previous studies and was modified according to the local culture. The data collection form comprised sociodemographic profile of the study participants, their knowledge regarding snake bite, and its prevention and availability of first aid management. Results: A total of 134 participants were included in the study. The mean age was 45.81 ± 8.00 years. It was observed that majority of the study subjects believed in the knowledge that all types of snakes are poisonous (93.2%) and leads to death (90.3%). First aid measures such as application of tourniquet that was seen in only 4.4% of the cases. However, more than half of the study subjects (71.6%) believed in sucking the venom out of the wound. It was noted that higher education status, improved social class had better knowledge score of snake bite prevention and management as compared to their counterparts and this association was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Knowledge of the study subjects on snake bite and its prevention is good, but still a large number of participants have inadequate knowledge on snake bite and its prevention. Community-based awareness program on prevention and management of snake bite, use of personal protective measures, and training of peripheral health workers ware specifically recommended.
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