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Focusing on the plasma wakes of hypersonic targets (PWHT), this work provides a method for the inversion of electron densities in the PWHT by integrating electromagnetic radiation theory and three-wave coupling theory (TWCT). Utilizing the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method, taking a blunt cone as an example, the spatial distribution characteristics of electron densities in the plasma wake are simulated and analyzed in detail. The Zakharov system of equations (ZSE) is applied to the PWHT for the discussion about the electromagnetic radiation generated by plasma parametric instability. Combining the wavenumber spectrum of electromagnetic radiation and the TWCT, an inverse method of the electron densities of plasma wakes is proposed and applied to a blunt cone model. The results indicate that the inversion error rate is effectively held below 1.37 %. Furthermore, reasons for errors are elucidated through the utilization of the wavenumber spectrum structure. The proposed method may contribute to the development of hypersonic wake diagnostic techniques, and offer new insights and directions for wind tunnel experiments, shock tube experiments, as well as research on hypersonic target detection.
Supplementary Figure from Famitinib with Camrelizumab and Nab-Paclitaxel for Advanced Immunomodulatory Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (FUTURE-C-Plus): An Open-Label, Single-Arm, Phase II Trial
西藏中拉萨地块东段大规模侏罗纪-白垩纪花岗岩类的成因类型及构造背景尚未得到有效约束,该时期岩浆作用的时空分布、岩石成因以及深部动力学机制等问题亟需新的深入研究。本文对中拉萨地块东段南缘那茶淌地区的花岗岩类进行了系统的岩相学、元素地球化学、年代学和锆石Hf同位素研究。LA-MC-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,那茶淌地区黑云母二长花岗岩成岩年龄为147±1.4Ma,花岗闪长岩年龄为140.6±1.3Ma,系晚侏罗世-早白垩世中酸性岩浆活动的产物。在元素地球化学组成上,黑云母二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩的主量元素组成具有富SiO2(分别为71.02%~71.81%和65.17%~66.73%)、Al2O3(分别为13.45%~13.57%和14.43%~15.20%)、碱金属(Na2O+K2O)(分别为6.79%~7.48%和6.55%~7.37%),贫TiO2(分别为0.15%~0.21%和0.10%~0.13%)等特征,显示Ⅰ型准铝-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.98~1.14)的高钾钙碱性系列特征。微量元素以富集K、Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损Ta、Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素为特征。花岗闪长岩稀土元素总量(ΣREE=263.9×10-6~313.8×10-6)高于黑云母二长花岗岩(ΣREE=116.3×10-6~168.8×10-6),均表现为轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,具弱的负Eu异常。两种岩石锆石Hf同位素均以负的εHf(t)值和古老的地壳模式年龄为特征,黑云母二长花岗岩εHf(t)值为-21.64~-7.66,地壳模式年龄(tDMC)为1.68~2.56Ga,花岗闪长岩锆石εHf(t)值为-11.95~-8.15,地壳模式年龄(tDMC)为1.71~1.95Ga。结合前人研究资料,认为中拉萨地块东段那茶淌地区晚侏罗世-早白垩世花岗岩类形成的构造背景与班公湖-怒江洋南向俯冲有关,岩浆来源于俯冲作用诱发古老下地壳物质的重熔。;The genetic types and tectonic settings of the large-scale Jurassic-Cretaceous granites in the eastern part of the Central Lhasa Terrane in Tibet have not been well constrained, and the temporal and spatial distribution of their magmatism, petrogenesis and deep dynamic mechanism in this period are in urgent need of further research. In this paper, the lithography, chronology, geochemistry and zircon Hf isotope of the biotite monzogranite and granodiorite from the Nachatang area in the southern margin of the eastern segment of the Central Lhasa Terrane are systematically studied. LA-MC-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating results show that the biotite monzogranite and granodiorite are 147±1.4Ma and 140.6±1.3Ma, respectively, showing they are the products of magmatism in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. In terms of geochemical compositions, the biotite monzogranite and granodiorite have low TiO2(0.15%~0.21% and 0.10%~0.13%), high SiO2 (71.02%~71.81% and 65.17%~66.73%), Al2O3 (13.45%~13.57% and 14.43%~15.20%) and alkali (Na2O+K2O) (6.79%~7.48% and 6.55%~7.37%) contents, showing the characteristics of Ⅰ-type peraluminum to weak peraluminum calc-alkaline series (A/CNK=0.98~1.14). Trace element compositions of the measured samples are characterized by enrichment of large ion lithophile elements such as K, Rb, Ba and Th, and depletion of high field strength elements such as Ta, Nb, P and Ti. The total amount of REE in the granodiorite (ΣREE=263.9×10-6~313.8×10-6) is higher than that in the biotite monzonite (Σ REE=116.3×10-6~168.8×10-6), which shows the enrichment of LREE and relative depletion of HREE, with weak negative Eu anomaly. The zircon Hf isotopes are characterized by negative εHf(t) values and ancient crustal model ages. The εHf(t) values of the biotite monzogranite range from -21.64 to -7.66, and the crustal model ages (tDMC) range from 1.68Ga to 2.56Ga. Zircon εHf(t) values of the granodiorite vary from -11.95 to -8.15, and the crustal model ages (tDMC) from 1.71Ga to 1.95Ga. Finally, we conclude that the tectonic setting of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous granites in the Nachatang area is related to the southward subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean seafloor, and the magma is derived from the remelting of ancient lower crust material induced by subduction.
Many Carlin-like Au deposits occur within the late Paleozoic and Triassic Youjiang basin of southwest China. The Huijiabao trend in Guizhou Province contains over 300 metric tons (t; 10.6 Moz) of Au at an average grade of 7 to 18 g/t in a narrow corridor that is about 20 km long and 5 km wide. Petrographic and SEM studies of pyrite in barren host rocks and high-grade orebodies led to the recognition of four stages of pyrite. Py1 consists of fine-grained framboidal crystals in black mudstone. Py2 is comprised of coarser grained euhedralsubhedral clusters that are spatially related to organic matter. Py3 is coarse grained, euhedral, and occurs as overgrowths on Py1 and Py2. Py3’s porous texture, inclusion of randomly oriented detrital minerals, and association with quartz recrystallization suggest it was deformed during Late Triassic orogenesis with Py1 and Py2. Py4 generally occurs as rims on Py1 to Py3 and is intergrown with arsenopyrite.
Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) δ 34S analyses of each pyrite type and arsenopyrite show that Py1 is related to Py2 and that Py3 is related to Py4 and arsenopyrite. The S isotope compositions of Py1 (−7.5 to +5.9‰) and Py2 (−5.3 to +7.9‰) are bimodal, which suggests that H2S was generated by biogenic sulfate reduction in open marine and sulfate limited systems during sedimentation and/or diagenesis. The compositions of Py3 (−2.6 to +1.5‰), Py4 (−1.2 to +1.5‰), and arsenopyrite (−0.8 to +0.9‰) are homogeneous and have an intermediate range of values near 0‰ that suggest that H2S was derived either from average pyrite (0.2‰) in sedimentary rocks or from a concealed magmatic source. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (LA–ICP–MS) trace element analyses (As, Ni, Co, Cu, Ag, Se, V) support different origins and show that Py3 and Py4 are ore related. The lower w (Co)/ w (Ni) and w (S)/ w (Se) ratios of Py1 and Py2 are consistent with formation during sedimentation or diagenesis, whereas the higher ratios of Py3, Py4, and arsenopyrite are consistent with a hydrothermal origin. The lower concentrations of Au in Py1 (0.23–2.5 ppm) and Py2 (0.06–12 ppm) show that little Au was added during sedimentation or diagenesis. The higher concentrations of Au in hydrothermal Py3 (1.1–110 ppm) and Py4 (0.34–810 ppm) indicate that most of the Au was introduced during subsequent hydrothermal fluid flow. The low Au contents of arsenopyrite (0.09–0.52 ppm) suggests they formed from Au-depleted fluids. The Au/As ratios of Py1 and Py2 are typical of diagenetic pyrite whereas Py3 and Py4 have ratios that approach those of ore-stage pyrite in Nevada Carlin-type deposits. The fracturing of Py3 and its cementation by Py4 suggests that ore fluid movement was associated with deformation.
Published isochron ages on arsenopyrite (Re-Os ~200 Ma) and late calcite-realgar veinlets (Sm-Nd ~135 Ma) in the Huijiabao trend are older than mafic dikes (84 Ma) exposed ~20 km to the east. If the 200 and 135 Ma ages are valid, H2S and Au may be derived from a sedimentary source because igneous intrusions of this age have not been found. If these ages are not valid and the gold deposits are actually Late Cretaceous in age, then H2S and Au may be derived from a magmatic source. Additional geochronology and isotopic tracer studies are needed to resolve this uncertainty.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the “following” behavior of six currencies in East Asia to RMB before and after the “financial crisis”. Design/methodology/approach – Using foreign exchange spot rate data from 2005 to 2013, the authors investigate the dynamic relationship of RMB and six East Asia currencies with method of DCC-GARCH and quantile regression. Findings – The authors get such conclusions: first, most currencies indeed “follow” RMB in whole sample period but the correlation is “time-varying”; second, the degree of co-movement increased as a whole, which reflects that the influence of China in East Asia rose continuously; third, the East Asian currencies behaved differently before the crisis, but reveal some similarities after the crisis, and prefer to “follow” when RMB depreciates and reluctant to follow when RMB appreciates at a comparatively large degree. The authors argue that it may be related to the different macroeconomic environment faced by East Asia region before and after the crisis, the rising economic influence of China and the development of RMB internationalization’s practice. Originality/value – The effort could strength the understanding to the “following” behavior of East Asia currencies to RMB, the authors also point out that RMB has been as regional currency anchor, but the role of anchor is unstable, and is affected by international economic circumstance, China should adapt some methods to strength RMB’s influence to East Asia currency.
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Supplementary Data from Famitinib with Camrelizumab and Nab-Paclitaxel for Advanced Immunomodulatory Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (FUTURE-C-Plus): An Open-Label, Single-Arm, Phase II Trial
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