The coordination problem of a supply chain with one supplier and two Cournot competing retailers is analyzed.It is proved that a revenue sharing contract can be used to coordinate the supply chain under normal environment.When demand scale and costs were disrupted simultaneously in the planning horizon,a coordination mechanism about adjusting price and production quantity is proposed to maximize the profit of the supply chain.It is also proved that the improved revenue sharing contract can coordinate the supply chain when demands and costs are disrupted simultaneously.Finally,a numerical analysis is given.
This paper proposes three econometric AR-EGARCH models, whose error is governed by normal, students' t and GED distribution respectively, to nine o'clock spot price serial of Nordpool power market from 2001 to 2005 year. In addition, POT method of extreme value theory is adopted to model the tails of the return distribution, and the parameters of GPD distribution are estimated, then VaR and CVaR are measured under 1% and 5% confidence level. In the end, factual return serial consisted of 175 datas in 2006 year is adopted to test the proposed models, the statistical test shows that CVaR, not VaR, is a good tool to measure risk, and the hypothesis of AR-EGARCH models' error are students' t and GED distribution provides appropriate estimate, which one is better estimate factual return lies on confidence level.
Throughout the 30 years' process of reform and opening- up, China has put forward several strategies such as Market Diversification, Quality First Policy, Large Economy and and Promoting Trade with Science and Technology. In the report of the Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party, China proposed to implement the strategy of FTA. After the analysis of the evolutionary process of FTA in China, the paper concludes that countries in Africa, Europe and Latin America have become the trade partners of FTA in China, which shows that China has a much wider area of trade cooperation, multiple types of partners and promoting modes. In the near future, the negotiations between China and developed countries with large-size economy will make breakthrough, and taking into account the energy policy of China, it believes that the areas of cooperation will be deepened. Finally, it prospects the future promotion of levels.
Started from the financing warehousepsilas integration and recreation effect of enterprisespsila credit, this article analyses the financing system among upstream supplier enterprises, the third-party financing warehouses, manufacturers and banks. Based on this system, we establish models respectively from the optimal costs of suppliers and the maximum amount of financing limit, and further analysis is made towards the impact of the financing warehouse storage costs parameters in the model to the delivery strategies for suppliers, thus provide information and recommendations for suppliers to choose the best delivery strategy to achieve maximum utility.
A mixed integer programming mathematical formulation of vehicle routing problemwith simultaneous pickups and deliveries, and time window constraints (VRP-SPDTW)is presented in this paper. The proposed model aims at minimizing the vehicle numberand the overall travel cost. A novel two-stage hybrid metaheuristic method for VRP-SDPTWis also proposed. The first stage adopts improved ant colony optimization (IACO) to determinethe minimum number of used vehicles. The second stage employs improved Tabu search to optimizethe total travel cost, in which the initial solutions are obtained by IACO in the first stage.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed metaheuristic method.
This paper established an improved optimization model of distribution vehicle scheduling based on Stranger Problem,which the common vehicle scheduling model does not consider,by defining two parameters named Strange Degree and Strange Coefficient.In the end the paper makes on experimental computation by using improved C W algorithm.The computational results prove the feasibility and efficiency of the improved optimization model.
In electricity market the price of electricity depends on the joint effect of many factors with its evolving process characterized by very complicated random motion. To reveal the inherent law behind the seemingly random evolving process, first the chaotic feature of electricity price is verified with the chaos theory. The Lyapunov exponents and the fractal dimensions of the attractors are extracted from the phase space reconstructed by the single variable time series of electricity price. Here it can be seen that the electricity price possesses chaotic characteristics, and such a chaotic behavior is further verified by the surrogate data method, providing the basis for performing the short-term forecast of electricity price with the help of the chaos theory. Then a more accurate phase space is reconstructed by the multi-variable time series constituted by the electricity price and its correlated factors, i.e., the system load and the available generating capacity time series. By tracing the evolving trend of the adjacent phase points in the phase space, the global and local electricity price forecasting models based on the recurrent neural network are established, with which the electricity prices in the New England electricity market are successfully predicted.
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