Medical devices have progressed from their initial bulky forms to smart devices. However, their rigidity hampers their seamless integration into everyday life. The fields of stretchable, textile, and flexible electronics are emerging research areas with the potential to drive significant technological progress. This research presents a laboratory-based technique to produce highly sensitive and flexible biosensors for detecting the chikungunya virus. These biosensors are based on 0D nanomaterials and demonstrate significant advancements in voltammetry. The electrochemical platform was created utilizing the stencil printing (StPE) technique. Adapting the biosensor setup involved the selection of aptamer as the biorecognition element bound with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This biosensor was employed in the voltammetric identification of the Chikungunya virus antigen (CHIKV-Ag) within a solution containing 0.5 mM potassium ferro/ferri cyanide, a redox pair. The biosensor was employed to evaluate CHIKV-Ag within a human serum sample. It demonstrated a linear detection span ranging from 0.1 ng/mL to 1 μg/mL, with a detection limit of 0.1 ng/mL for CHIKV-Ag. The proposed approach, due to its flexibility in production and the electrocatalytic attributes displayed by the zero-dimensional nanostructure, presents innovative opportunities for cost-effective and tailored aptamer-based bioelectronics, thereby broadening the scope of this domain.
There is currently a lot of interest in the construction of point-of-care devices stemming from paper-based origami biosensors. These devices demonstrate how paper’s foldability permits the construction of sensitive, selective, user-friendly, intelligent, and maintainable analytical devices for the detection of several ailments. Herein, the first example of the electrochemical aptasensor-based polyvalent dengue viral antigen detection using the origami paper-folding method is presented. Coupling it with an aptamer leads to the development of a new notation known as OBAs, or origami-based aptasensor, that presents a multitude of advantages to the developed platform, such as assisting in safeguarding the sample from air-dust particles, providing confidentiality, and providing a closed chamber to the electrodes. In this paper, gold-decorated nanocomposites of zinc and graphene oxide (Au/ZnO/GO) were synthesized via the chemical method, and characterization was conducted by Scanning Electron Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, UV-Vis, and XRD which reveals the successful formation of nanocomposites, mainly helping to enhance the signal and specificity of the sensor by employing aptamers, since isolation and purification procedures are not required. The biosensor that is being demonstrated here is affordable, simple, and efficient. The reported biosensor is an OBA detection of polyvalent antigens of the dengue virus in human serum, presenting a good range from 0.0001 to 0.1 mg/mL with a limit of detection of 0.0001 mg/mL. The reported single-folding ori-aptasensor demonstrates exceptional sensitivity, specificity, and performance in human serum assays, and can also be used for the POC testing of various viral infections in remote areas and underdeveloped countries, as well as being potentially effective during outbreaks. Highlights: (1) First report on origami-based aptasensors for the detection of polyvalent antigens of DENV; (2) In-house construction of low-cost origami-based setup; (3) Gold-decorated zinc/graphene nanocomposite characterization was confirmed via FESEM/UV-Vis/FTIR; (4) Cross-reactivity of dengue-aptamer has been deduced; (5) Electrochemical validation was conducted through CV.
Dengue virus (DENV) is one of the most transmittable diseases. Numerous countries still face severe illness or deaths due to DENV. To date, there is no vaccine or effective drug available for this. Therefore, to overcome the burden of the disease, an early & sensitive diagnostic approach shows a main part in the management of dengue disease. The present research is aimed to construct PBAs i.e. paper-based aptasensor for the detection of all serotypes of DENV. The proposed biosensor has several advantages, including being simple, low-cost, reproducible, and disposable. The aptasensor uses a three-electrode system, with the working electrode containing a silver/zinc nanocomposite that was chemically synthesised. The characterisation of the zinc/silver nanocomposite were evaluated using UV-vis spectra, XRD, & FESEM. Aptamers were also employed to increase the sensor's functioning. This aptamer functionalised sensor was employed to improvise the selectivity of the developed platform. The outcomes of aptasensor was evaluated via CV/LSV, which was verified using a potentiostat. The established paper-based aptasensor delivered ideal response and a broad linear variety of 0.1–1000 µg/ml for the DENV virus, having 0.1 µg/ml (LOD). The developed PBAs, or paper-based aptasensors, might be particularly useful in point-of-care diagnostic applications. This biosensor is capable of detecting polyvalent DENV-Antigen of 4 serotypes of DENV and hence, this research provides sensitive diagnosis of serotypes on a same platform and also offers viable diagnostic apparatus for rural places with limited resources, for people who can't afford costly medical procedures and have a finite access to professional staff.
In recent years, the increasing prevalence of viral infections such as dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) has emphasized the vital need for new diagnostic techniques that are not only quick and inexpensive but also suitable for point-of-care and home usage. Existing diagnostic procedures, while useful, sometimes have limits in terms of speed, mobility, and price, particularly in resource-constrained environments and during epidemics. To address these issues, this study proposes a novel technique that combines 3D printing technology with electrochemical biosensors to provide a highly sensitive, user-friendly, and customizable diagnostic platform. This study focuses on a unique 3D-printed electrode cassette made with fused deposition modeling technology, which ensures strong structural alignment and improved performance under a variety of environmental conditions. When combined with paper-based electrodes loaded with silver nanoparticles, the platform dramatically enhances the detection sensitivity and reliability. The biosensor uses cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to detect DENV and CHIKV antigens within a linear range of 1 × 102 to 1 × 106 ng/mL. Results were delivered in 20 s and stable for 30 days. The device's performance was verified by testing with blood serum samples containing both DENV and CHIKV antigens, demonstrating its capacity to properly identify coinfections. This novel diagnostic tool represents a huge step forward in accessible and efficient healthcare solutions, bridging important gaps in the global battle against arboviral infections.
Materials at nanometer scale with special attributes like compact size, large surface ratio, and quantum effect are quite distinct from their bulk counterparts. With the advancement of nanoscience and nanotechnology, innumerable inorganic nanomaterials including semiconductor, metal or metal oxide and carbon, nanomaterials have been designed. The optical, physiochemical, electrical, and biological features of gold nanomaterial make it one of the most widely employed nanomaterials. Gold Nanoparticles have a long history in chemistry, going all the way back to the ancient Roman era when they utilized to decorate glasses by staining them. Since the physicochemical properties of gold nanomaterials can be modified by modifying their structural dimensions attained by various fabrication processes, gold nanomaterials are suitable contender for colorimetric analysis, biosensor, photothermal transducers and imaging. For decades, scientists have been studying the controlled fabrication of gold nanomaterials as their characteristics and function are extremely reliant on the shape and dimensions of the particle. Gold nanomaterials have shown its potential use in numerous fields like biomedicine and biosensors due to their controllable synthesis steps, lower toxicity, high biocompatibility, adjustable optoelectrical properties, and uncomplicated surface modification. These advantages make gold Nanomaterials suitable for a wide range of applications, from the biomedical to the energy and environmental sectors. The application section of this review includes a summarized synopsis of these applications in broader terms. In terms of shape, this paper covers a variety of synthetic methods for producing different gold nanomaterials. The morphologies of gold nanomaterials which includes nanoparticles, nanorods, nanoclusters, nanowire, nanoflower and nanosphere have also been discussed in this paper with the emphasis of recent research projects.
Graphene is the primitive two-dimensional crystal ever discovered by humankind. It's composed of just one graphite sheet, yet its unique features are redefining material science. However, practical mass-production technologies for defect-free monolayer graphene are currently lacking. Because of their planar shape, lightweight, high aspect ratio, electrical conductivity, inexpensiveness, and mechanical durability, graphene nanoparticles are appealing. Graphene and its associated derivatives, such as graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene materials have been generally regarded as viable possibilities for industrial, environmental, and biomedical applications because of the rapid development of synthesis and functionalization procedures. Currently, the utilization of graphene nanomaterials leads to great innovation in the field of nano-biotechnology due to its nano-size, unique morphology, large surface area, and strong properties. Due to such unusual properties of graphene and its nanomaterials comes in a wide range of shapes which are discussed in this review along with their synthesis method and also cover a wide portion of the applications. The review aims to summarize the outcomes of current studies of graphene and its nanomaterial and also disclose the most promising applications of graphene nanomaterial which revolutionizing the material science.
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