1. Radar_CR includes the 2D combined reflectivity data used to draw the figures (Fig. 2, 3) in this manuscript, and Radar_mref includes the 3D reflectivity data used to draw the figures (Fig. 5, 6, 7, 8) which has been translated into the Cartesian coordinates. 2. VDRAS gives the 3D dynamic field data to draw the figure 10. 3. Raw lightning data located by BLNet.
Injectable hydrogels are receiving increasing attention as local depots for sustained anticancer drug delivery. However, most current hydrogel-based carriers lack tissue-adhesive ability, a property that is important for the immobilization of drug-loaded systems at tumor sites to increase local drug concentration. In this study, we developed a paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded injectable hydrogel with firm tissue adhesion for localized tumor therapy. PTX-loaded bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles (PTX@BN) were prepared, and the drug-loaded hydrogel was then fabricated by cross-linking PTX@BN with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA)-terminated 4-armed poly(ethylene glycol) (4aPEG-OPA) via a condensation reaction between OPA and the amines in BSA. The hydrogel showed firm adhesion to various organs and tumor tissues ex vivo due to the condensation reaction of unreacted OPA groups and amines in the tissues. The PTX-loaded nanocomposite hydrogels sustained PTX release over 30 days following the Korsmeyer–Peppas model and exhibited notable inhibition activities against mouse C26 colon and 4T1 breast cancer cells in vitro. Following peritumoral injection into mice with C26 or 4T1 tumors, the PTX@BN-loaded hydrogel significantly enhanced the antitumor efficacy and prolonged animal survival time compared to free PTX solutions with low systemic toxicity. Therefore, the adhesive, PTX-loaded nanocomposite hydrogels have the potential for efficient localized tumor therapy.
The complete integrability of the variable coefficient version of a KdV equation via the Painlevé approach is analyzed. Through the Painlevé–Bäcklund equations, its auto-Bäcklund transformation, Lax pairs, symmetry, strong symmetry, bilinear form, and analytic solutions are obtained.
The empirical potential has been employed to simulate the melting of the rocksalt structure of ZnO at high pressure with the molecular dynamics(MD) method.The melting of ZnO with zinc-blende structure is simulated at normal pressure by MD method,which indicates that there exist superheating melting phenomena.The degree of superheating was 48% compared with experimental data(2 248 K.) According to the result of superheating of ZnO with zinc-blende structure,this paper has modified the melting temperatures and phase diagrams of the rock-salt structure of ZnO in the pressure range of 0-50 GPa.The melting curve of the rock-salt structure of ZnO from MD calculations is in good agreement with the result obtained from Lindemann melting equation at the pressure below 7 GPa.
Abstract. Stratospheric ozone transported to the troposphere is estimated to account for 5 %–15 % of the tropospheric ozone sources. However, the chances of intruded stratospheric ozone reaching the surface are low. Here, we report an event of a strong surface ozone surge of stratospheric origin in the North China Plain (NCP, 34–40∘ N, 114–121∘ E) during the night of 31 July 2021. The hourly measurements reveal surface ozone concentrations of up to 80–90 ppbv at several cities over the NCP from 23:00 LST (Local Standard time, = UTC +8 h) on 31 July to 06:00 LST on 1 August 2021. The ozone enhancement was 40–50 ppbv higher than the corresponding monthly mean. A high-frequency surface measurement indicates that this ozone surge occurred abruptly, with an increase reaching 40–50 ppbv within 10 min. A concurrent decline in surface carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations suggests that this surface ozone surge might have resulted from the downward transport of a stratospheric ozone-rich and CO-poor air mass. This is further confirmed by the vertical evolutions of humidity and ozone profiles based on radiosonde and satellite data respectively. Such an event of stratospheric impact on surface ozone is rarely documented in view of its magnitude, coverage, and duration. We find that this surface ozone surge was induced by a combined effect of dying Typhoon In-fa and shallow local mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that facilitated transport of stratospheric ozone to the surface. This finding is based on analysis of meteorological reanalysis and radiosonde data, combined with high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulation and backward trajectory analysis using the FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) particle dispersion model. Although Typhoon In-fa on the synoptic scale was at its dissipation stage when it passed through the NCP, it could still bring down a stratospheric dry and ozone-rich air mass. As a result, the stratospheric air mass descended to the middle-to-low troposphere over the NCP before the MCSs formed. With the pre-existing stratospheric air mass, the convective downdrafts of the MCSs facilitated the final descent of stratospheric air mass to the surface. Significant surface ozone enhancement occurred in the convective downdraft regions during the development and propagation of the MCSs. This study underscores the substantial roles of weak convection in transporting stratospheric ozone to the lower troposphere and even to the surface, which has important implications for air quality and climate change.
Rainfall amount and its variability can significantly influence ecosystem productivity and water exchange. However, little attention has been paid to rainfall diurnal variations due to limitations in the temporal resolution of observed data and models’ ability in capturing rainfall diurnal variations. Therefore, whether and how rainfall diurnal variations affect ecosystems are still open questions. Based on the data at fifteen tower flux sites in tropical forests from FLUXNET2015, this study comprehensively investigates the effect of rainfall diurnal variations on evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary productivity (GPP). Three indexes are used to depict the characteristics of rainfall diurnal variation. The Unranked Gini index (UGi) represents how concentrated the rainfall distribution is within one day, while the fraction of daytime precipitation (Frc) as well as the period between rainfall peaking time and noon (σ) conjunctively reflect when precipitation occurs during one day. Using bootstrapping method, we found that how precipitation distributes during a day determines the magnitudes of daily ET and GPP while when precipitation takes place is of secondary importance. More temporally concentrated rainfall within one day could result in more ET and GPP. More daytime rainfall, especially around noon, could lead to decreases in ET and GPP. These effects become stronger with more daily total rainfall. The variability in the rainfall diurnal cycle is closely related to variations in meteorological variables that drive ET and GPP. Larger UGi, larger σ, and smaller Frc are associated with higher daily shortwave radiation, atmospheric temperature and vapor pressure deficit, which in turn promotes higher ET and GPP in tropical forests. These results shed light on the significant impact of rainfall diurnal variations on ecosystem functions, especially under high daily total precipitation. This impact should be taken into account in investigating atmosphere-biosphere interactions in future climate when intense precipitation events may occur more often.
In this work, we developed a strategy for local chemo-immunotherapy through simultaneous incorporation of dual immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibodies, anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (aCTLA-4) and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (aPD-1), and a chemotherapy drug, doxorubicin (Dox), into a thermo-gelling polypeptide hydrogel. The hydrogel encapsulating Dox or IgG model antibody showed sustained release profiles for more than 12 days in vitro, and the drug release and hydrogel degradation were accelerated in the presence of enzymes. In comparison to free drug solutions or hydrogels containing Dox or antibodies only, the Dox/aCTLA-4/aPD-1 co-loaded hydrogel achieved improved tumor suppression efficiency, strengthened antitumor immune response, and prolonged animal survival time after peritumoral injection into mice bearing B16F10 melanoma. Additionally, after injection of Dox/aCTLA-4/aPD-1 co-loaded hydrogel into the surgical site following tumor resection, a significantly enhanced inhibition on tumor reoccurrence was demonstrated. Thus, the polypeptide hydrogel-based chemo-immunotherapy strategy has potential in anti-tumor therapy and the prevention of tumor reoccurrence.
Abstract Surface ozone increased unexpectedly over northern China during the COVID-19 lockdown (CLD) period (23 January–29 February 2020), which was characterized by vigorous emission reduction. The reasons for this ozone enhancement have been speculated from perspectives of chemical responses to the emissions and meteorology. As known, the processes of natural stratospheric ozone injecting to the troposphere are most active in winter and spring. Yet, little attention was paid to stratospheric influences on this ozone enhancement. Here we report a stratospheric intrusion (SI) that reached the surface over northern China on 15–17 February during the CLD. The coevolution of enhanced ozone and sharply declined carbon monoxide and relative humidity (RH) was indicative of the SI occurrence. We show that the SI was facilitated by a cutoff low system that led to abnormally high surface ozone in most part of northern China. We estimate that over the SI period, the injected stratospheric ozone constituted up to 40–45% of the surface ozone over northern China. If the stratospheric ozone inputs were scaled over the entire CLD period, these inputs would account for 4–8% of the surface ozone. In view of the unexpected ozone increase during the CLD, this SI event could explain up to 18% of the ozone increase in some cities, and average 5–10% over larger areas that were affected. Hence, the nonnegligible stratospheric influences urge extra consideration of natural ozone sources in disentangling the role of emission reduction and meteorological conditions during the CLD in China and elsewhere in the world.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)