Fatty acid desaturases play important role in plant responses to abiotic stresses. However, their exact function in plant resistance to salt stress is unknown. In this work, we provide the evidence that FAD2, an endoplasmic reticulum localized ω-6 desaturase, is required for salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Using vacuolar and plasma membrane vesicles prepared from the leaves of wild-type (Col-0) and the loss-of-function Arabidopsis mutant, fad2, which lacks the functional FAD2, we examined the fatty acid composition and Na+-dependent H+ movements of the isolated vesicles. We observed that, when compared to Col-0, the level of vacuolar and plasma membrane polyunsaturation was lower, and the Na+/H+ exchange activity was reduced in vacuolar and plasma membrane vesicles isolated from fad2 mutant. Consistent with the reduced Na+/H+ exchange activity, fad2 accumulated more Na+ in the cytoplasm of root cells, and was more sensitive to salt stress during seed germination and early seedling growth, as indicated by CoroNa-Green staining, net Na+ efflux and salt tolerance analyses. Our results suggest that FAD2 mediated high-level vacuolar and plasma membrane fatty acid desaturation is essential for the proper function of membrane attached Na+/H+ exchangers, and thereby to maintain a low cytosolic Na+ concentration for salt tolerance during seed germination and early seedling growth in Arabidopsis.
Objective To study the safety reference value of blood glucose for preventing diabetic nephropathy.Methods A total of 311 diabetic patients was collected and divided into two groups,diabetic nephropathy group and non-diabetic nephropathy group,and the fasting blood glucose was then detected.According to the values of blood glucose,the subjects were divided eaqually into 5 levels.Ordinal regression analysis were used to get the cumulative probabilities and regression coefficents of suffering diabetic nephropathy or not.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) method were used to analyze the sensitivity and false positive rate,and diagrams of curves of ROC were constructed and drawed to get the safety reference value of blood glucose for preventing diabetic nephropathy.The negatively predictive value for a diabetic without suffering from diabetic nephropathy was calculated accrding to the safety reference value.Results The safety reference value of blood glucose for preventing diabetic nephropathy is 8.4 mmol/L,and the 95% confidence interval is between 8.1 mmol/L and 8.8 mmol/L.If the blood glucose could be controled in this range,the possibility or the negatively predictive value of a diabetic without suffering diabetic nephropathy is between 71% and 62%.Conclusion The safety reference value of blood glucose and the negatively predictive value of a diabetic suffering diabetic nephropathy obtained by establishing ROC curve equations can be used to control the blood glucose of diabetic and make a prognostic evaluation for preventing diabetic nephropathy complication.
Objective To investigate the smoking pattern of residents in Changzhou city,south of Jiangsu Province.Methods A cross-sectional study of smoking were carried out in over 20,000 persons aged 18 years and elder.Results The general prevalence rate of smoking was 30.0%,and smoking rate of male(68.4%) was much higher than that of female(1.7%).Male group aged 30 years or younger group had the lowest rate(45.7%),and 40～50 years group had the highest smoking rate(75.4%);farmers had the highest smoking rate (70.0%) and house workers had the lowest rate(26.1%).76.0% of the smokers started to smoke before 25 years old.88.5% of the smokers consumed much more 10 cigarettes per day.The quitting rate of smoking was 26.8% and 14.1% of them succeeded in giving up smoking.The passive smoking rate was 71.7%.Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen health education for reducing the harm of tobacco in the rural area of Jiangsu Province.
At abroad,animal laparoscopy has been used in disease diagnosis,biopsy,sampling,observation of folliculi and ovaries and normal topography,and also been used subsidiarily in artificial insemination and embryo transplantation.In addition,laparoscopy has been used in hysterectomy,ovariectomia and ovariohysterectomy of dogs,cats and other animals.This technique also can be used in correction and fixation of a left displaced abomasums of cattle.At home,this technique has been used lated.And only used in observation of folliculi and ovaries during animal artificial insemination and embryo transplantation,or only used in simple operation.In this article,the author illuminated the advantages of laparoscopic little pain,minimal invasion and quick recovery,analyzed the cause of hysteresis of animal laparoscopy,and demonstrated the trend and perspective of animal laparoscopy in the future.
Replication of positive-strand RNA viruses [(+)RNA viruses] takes place in membrane-bound viral replication complexes (VRCs). Formation of VRCs requires virus-mediated manipulation of cellular lipid synthesis. Here, we report significantly enhanced brome mosaic virus (BMV) replication and much improved cell growth in yeast cells lacking PAH1 (pah1Δ), the sole yeast ortholog of human LIPIN genes. PAH1 encodes Pah1p (phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase), which converts phosphatidate (PA) to diacylglycerol that is subsequently used for the synthesis of the storage lipid triacylglycerol. Inactivation of Pah1p leads to altered lipid composition, including high levels of PA, total phospholipids, ergosterol ester, and free fatty acids, as well as expansion of the nuclear membrane. In pah1Δ cells, BMV replication protein 1a and double-stranded RNA localized to the extended nuclear membrane, there was a significant increase in the number of VRCs formed, and BMV genomic replication increased by 2-fold compared to wild-type cells. In another yeast mutant that lacks both PAH1 and DGK1 (encodes diacylglycerol kinase converting diacylglycerol to PA), which has a normal nuclear membrane but maintains similar lipid compositional changes as in pah1Δ cells, BMV replicated as efficiently as in pah1Δ cells, suggesting that the altered lipid composition was responsible for the enhanced BMV replication. We further showed that increased levels of total phospholipids play an important role because the enhanced BMV replication required active synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, the major membrane phospholipid. Moreover, overexpression of a phosphatidylcholine synthesis gene (CHO2) promoted BMV replication. Conversely, overexpression of PAH1 or plant PAH1 orthologs inhibited BMV replication in yeast or Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Competing with its host for limited resources, BMV inhibited host growth, which was markedly alleviated in pah1Δ cells. Our work suggests that Pah1p promotes storage lipid synthesis and thus represses phospholipid synthesis, which in turn restricts both viral replication and cell growth during viral infection.
252 SD rats were divided randomly into control group(normal saline 10mL/kg ip),high dose group(the compound anesthetic 5mg/kg ip) and low dose group(the compound anesthetic 7.5mg/kg ip).Both the high dose group and the low dose group were further divided into anesthesia group,recoveryⅠgroup and recoveryⅡ group,respectively.Activities of AC and PDE and content of cAMP were measured by radioimmunoassay.In result,low dose compound anesthetic had not obvious effect on cAMP signal transduction system,but high dose compound anesthetic could enhance activity of AC and content of cAMP but also decrease activity of PDE in cerebral cortex,cerebellum,hippocampus and thalamus.And there was a systemic,dose-dependent and high correlation in these brain regions.In conclusion,cAMP signal transduction system in cerebral cortex,cerebellum,hippocampus and thalamus might participate in regulation molecular mechanisms of compound anesthetic general anesthesia,and general anesthetic effect of combined anesthetic might correlate with activation cAMP signal transduction system in these brain regions.
Positive-strand RNA viruses invariably assemble their viral replication complexes (VRCs) by remodeling host intracellular membranes. How viral replication proteins are targeted to specific organelle membranes to initiate VRC assembly remains elusive. Brome mosaic virus (BMV), whose replication can be recapitulated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, assembles its VRCs by invaginating the outer perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Remarkably, BMV replication protein 1a (BMV 1a) is the only viral protein required for such membrane remodeling. We show that ER-vesicle protein of 14 kD (Erv14), a cargo receptor of coat protein complex II (COPII), interacts with BMV 1a. Moreover, the perinuclear ER localization of BMV 1a is disrupted in cells lacking ERV14 or expressing dysfunctional COPII coat components (Sec13, Sec24 or Sec31). The requirement of Erv14 for the localization of BMV 1a is bypassed by addition of a Sec24-recognizable sorting signal to BMV 1a or by overexpressing Sec24, suggesting a coordinated effort by both Erv14 and Sec24 for the proper localization of BMV 1a. The COPII pathway is well known for being involved in protein secretion; our data suggest that a subset of COPII coat proteins have an unrecognized role in targeting proteins to the perinuclear ER membrane.
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