Based on the annual average climate data and economic and social data from 262 prefecture-level cities in China from 2001 to 2019, this paper explores the impact of climate change on urban–rural income inequality and its mechanisms using fixed-effects (FEs) and mediated-effects (MEs) models. This study finds that (1) climate change has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the urban–rural income disparity; (2) climate change can affect the urban–rural income disparity by influencing urban and rural income levels, the regional degree of urbanization, and the labor force employment structure; (3) the impact of climate change on the urban–rural income gap is heterogeneous in East, Center, and West China; and (4) extreme heat can widen the urban–rural income gap, and extreme drought can narrow the urban–rural income gap. Climate change has a significant impact on the urban–rural income gap, and there is a need to continue to promote urbanization and the optimization of the employment structure of the workforce, reduce the vulnerability of rural residents to climate change, and narrow the urban–rural income gap.
This study investigates the potential of agricultural industrial agglomeration to bolster agricultural economic resilience and identifies the underlying pathways. We developed an analytical framework for agricultural economics that integrates the concept of “resilience”. This framework facilitates an examination of the influence of agricultural industrial agglomeration on agricultural economic resilience, focusing on two key aspects: enhancement of income and reduction of costs. Utilizing panel data from 30 provincial-level regions in China covering the period from 2006 to 2021, this research empirically assesses the impact, underlying mechanisms, and regional variations of agricultural industrial agglomeration on agricultural economic resilience. The findings reveal that agricultural industrial agglomeration significantly boosts agricultural economic resilience. This positive influence manifests through two primary channels: firstly, “agricultural industrial agglomeration → enhancement of socialized services → agricultural economic resilience” and secondly, “agricultural industrial agglomeration → improvement of agricultural production efficiency → agricultural economic resilience”. The contribution of agricultural industrial agglomeration to agricultural economic resilience is particularly pronounced in major grain-producing regions, notably enhancing capabilities for reconstruction and reinvention, as well as adjustment and adaptation. The study concludes with recommendations aimed at strengthening agricultural economic resilience. These recommendations emphasize the critical role of agricultural industrial agglomeration in fostering agricultural economic resilience, its contribution to the growth of rural economies and the enhancement of socialized services, and the need to consider regional disparities in the process of developing agricultural economic resilience.
To evaluate the effect the vaccine of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).Data of totally, 1095 individuals who were immunized with HFRS vaccine type produced by Shenyang Baiao Biotechnology, Ltd were analyzed. 1999-2000 in Laiwu City.Most of the individuals belonged to rural population. In most cases the vaccination was done in spring and autumn. Persons between ages 18-40 years dominated the series. The side effects of the vaccination were seen in 1.71% in which local reaction was 1.35%, general reaction 0.30%, abnormal reaction 0.06% and the lowest reaction rate was seen in the group between ages 7-17.The vaccine was quite effective. Both antibody positive ratio and GMT level of antibody were high.
Pagodas and pavilions (ge 閣) are the most popular and representative multi-story buildings since Buddhism was introduced to China. While providing visitors with a new visual experience, they have also largely reshaped the urban space and skyline in medieval China. The former originated from India and Central Asia and was transformed in China, developing a unique style; The latter originated more from the creation of Chinese architects and became a model of typical Chinese-style Buddhist architecture. Briefly, the pagoda matured earlier than the pavilion, and continuously developed while maintaining its basic style; the pavilion-style Buddhist architecture gradually developed later and finally matured after the Tang and Song dynasties (618–1276), partially presenting a different spatial logic from the pagoda, and bringing a new visual experience. In my opinion, although the pavilion may not necessarily be as large as the pagoda in terms of volume and absolute height, it can provide believers with greater visual impact in the internal space for worship, due to the cross-story giant Buddhist statues; the closer integration of Buddha statues and architecture makes it replace or share the core position of the pagoda in some monasteries and even become the visual center of the entire religious space. Due to the existence of the pavilion, viewers can not only worship the Buddhist statues on a two-dimensional plane or by looking up at the statues from the bottom, but have also gained a three-dimensional perspective, to worship directly at the Buddha’s shoulders, neck, and head. In the Buddhist grottoes, the layout of the early single-layer or multi-layer horizontally distribution of caves on cliff was also changed due to the excavation of the cross-layer giant statue grottoes, covered by multi-story pavilion-style buildings, providing viewers with a visual experience similar to that of the pavilions of great statues. Additionally, there is a new visual experience of worshiping the Buddha in a vertical circle, in cases such as Bamiyan and the Leshan Giant Buddha.
The causal agent of Mango malformation disease occurring at several mango orchards located in Panzhihua and Huaping Provinces in China was determined. A total of nine samples with typical vegetative or floral malformation symptoms were collected, from which a Fusarium sp. was always isolated in high frequency and was identified to be Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg on the basis of its colony characteristics, conidial morphology and analysis of DNA-sequences of ITS region of rDNA gene, β-tubulin gene and Calmodulin gene. Pathogenicity of the fungus was verified and the typical malformation symptom was induced in the mango seedlings using artificial inoculation method.
Banana (Musa acuminate L.) is an important tropical fruit in China. In October 2020, a new leaf spot disease was observed on banana plants at an orchard of Zhenkang county (23°45'23.46″ N, 98°48'46.52″ E), Lincang city, Yunnan province, China. The disease incidence was about 1%. The leaf spots occurred sporadically and the percentage of the leaf area covered by lesions was less than 5%. Symptoms on the leaves were initially small, irregular, reddish-brown spots that gradually expanded to fusiform-shaped lesions with a yellow halo and eventually become necrotic, dry, and cracked. To isolate the pathogen, thirty symptomatic leaves (15 mm2) from five plants were surface disinfected in 70% ethanol (10 s) and 0.8% NaClO (2 min), rinsed in sterile water three times, and transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28°C for 5 days. Twenty-five colonies formed on the PDA plates were white with cottony aerial mycelium, round with a light orange underside. Abundant black globular acervuli semi-immersed on PDA were observed after a week. Conidia were straight or slightly curved, clavate to spindle, five cells, four septa with dimensions of 17.49 to 34.51 µm × 4.24 to 7.28 µm (avg. 23.83 × 5.62 µm; n=50). The apical and basal cells were hyaline, whereas the three median cells were dark brown. Conidia had a single basal appendage with lengths of 2.95 to 17.7 µm (avg. 7.18 µm; n=50) and two to three apical appendages with lengths of 10.7 to 53.84 µm (avg. 17.36 µm; n=50). These morphological characteristics are consistent with those of Neopestalotiopsis spp. (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). To confirm species, single-spore cultures of two representative isolates CATAS-102001 and CATAS-102002 were selected for further identification. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) and β-tubulin (TUB2) genes of the two isolates were amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728/EF2 (O'Donnell et al. 1998; Carbone and Kohn, 1999) and T1/Bt2b (Glass and Donaldson, 1995; O'Donnell and Cigelnik, 1997), respectively, and sequenced. The sequences were deposited in GenBank (ITS: OM281005 and OM281006; TEF1-α: OM328820 and OM328821; TUB2: OM328818 and OM328819). A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed using the MEGA 7.0 (Kumar et al. 2016) based on the concatenated sequences ITS region, EF1-α and TUB2 gene, and the cluster analysis placed the representative isolates CATAS-102001 and CATAS-102002 within a clade comprising Neopestalotiopsis clavispora. The pathogenicity of two isolates was conducted on six 7-leaf-old banana seedlings. Two leaves from each potted plants were stab inoculated by puncturing into 1-mm using a sterilized needle, and stabbing three points at both sides of leaf midrib, and then placing 10 μl conidial suspension (1×106 conidia/ml) on one side of wounded points and the other side of wounded points were inoculated with sterile water as control. Inoculated plants were kept inside a plastic bag for 72 h and maintained in the greenhouse (12 h/12 h light/dark, 28°C, 90% relative humidity). The experiments were repeated twice. Irregular necrotic lesions on inoculated leaves appeared 7 days after inoculation, whereas controls were asymptomatic. The fungus was recovered from inoculated leaves, and its taxonomy was confirmed morphologically and molecularly, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Neopestalotiopsis clavispora has been reported to cause leaf spot on Mangifera indica (Shu et al. 2020), Macadamia integrifolia (Santos et al. 2019) and Ligustrum lucidum (Chen et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. clavispora on banana in China. The identification of N. clavispora as the causal agent of the observed leaf spot disease on banana is critical to the prevention and control of this disease in the future.
Background Several obstacles can hinder breast cancer screening. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward ultrasound screening for breast cancer in women. Methods This cross-sectional study recruited women who visited the breast specialist clinic of Zhongshan City People’s Hospital (a tertiary hospital) between August 2022 and April 2023 through convenience sampling. KAP scores ≥70% were considered adequate. Results This study enrolled 501 participants. The mean knowledge, attitude, and practice levels were 8.56 ± 1.81/12 (possible range 0–12, 71.33%), 29.80 ± 2.71 (possible range 8–40, 74.50%), and 32.04 ± 3.09 (possible range 8–40, 80.10%). Senior high school education (vs. junior high school and below, coefficient = 1.531, 95%CI: 1.013–2.312, p = 0.044), bachelor’s education and above (vs. junior high school and below, coefficient = 5.315, 95%CI: 3.546–7.966, p < 0.001), housewife or unemployed (vs. employed, coefficient = 0.671, 95%CI: 0.466–0.966, p = 0.032), and a history of breast ultrasound (vs. no, coefficient = 1.466, 95%CI: 1.121–1.917, p = 0.005) were independently and positively associated with knowledge. Knowledge (coefficient = 1.303, 95%CI: 1.100–1.544, p = 0.002) and monthly income >10,000 (vs. <5,000, coefficient = 4.364, 95%CI: 1.738–10.956, p = 0.002) were independently and positively associated with attitude. Only attitude (coefficient = 1.212, 95%CI: 1.096–1.340, p < 0.001) was independently and positively associated with the practice. A structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was used to estimate causality among KAP dimensions, showing that knowledge directly influenced attitude ( β = −1.090, p = 0.015), knowledge did not directly influence practice ( β = −0.117, p = 0.681) but had an indirect influence ( β = 0.826, p = 0.028), and attitude directly influenced practice ( β = −0.757, p = 0.016). Conclusion Women in Zhongshan City had good knowledge, favorable attitudes, and active practice toward breast ultrasound screening for breast cancer. Women’s characteristics associated with a poorer KAP were identified, allowing for more targeted interventions.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a severe complication for dialysis patients. Vitamin D receptor activators (VDRAs) are used to treat SHPT, but the comparative efficacy and safety between paricalcitol and other vitamin D receptor activators for management of SHPT in dialysis patients has been unproven. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for the time period through June 2017 to identify randomized controlled trials that evaluated paricalcitol compared with other VDRAs for treatment of SHPT. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients with target reduction of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) from baseline. Secondary outcomes included incidences of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. The random-effects model was used to estimate relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Eight studies (N = 759) were eligible for final inclusion. Compared with other VDRAs, no significant differences were found in the percentage of patients with target reduction of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) from baseline for paricalcitol treatment of SHPT in dialysis patients (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0. 87–1.18; p = 0.85). There were no differences in the incidence of hypercalcemia (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.74–1.21; p = 0. 65) and hyperphosphatemia (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.77–1.16; p = 0.58). The presently available evidence is insufficient to draw a conclusion regarding whether paricalcitol therapy has a comparative efficacy and safety over other VDRAs for treating dialysis patients with SHPT. Large-sample, well-conducted, high-quality RCTs with patient-level outcomes (i.e., mortality) are urgently needed.
Based on the Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2010–2018, this article investigates how relative deprivation influences household consumption in rural China. High-dimensional fixed-effects (HDFE), the instrumental variable (IV), and causal mediation analysis (CMA) are leveraged to estimate the causal effect and mechanisms. Results show that relative deprivation reduces survival-oriented consumption of food, development-oriented consumption of transportation, telecommunication, and education, as well as enjoyment-oriented of durable goods, and increases survival-oriented consumption of residence and development-oriented consumption of healthcare and medical services. Mechanism analysis indicates that relative deprivation decreases household consumption through the anticipated effect and increases it through a cognitive trap effect. On the whole, the anticipated effect prevails over the cognitive trap effect.
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