Background: Mosquitoes are major vectors of arboviruses and other vector-borne diseases, making them a significant public health concern worldwide. Mitigation of arboviral outbreaks relies largely on the use of insecticides, but the effectiveness of such responses is threatened by the evolution of insecticide resistance. Monitoring mosquito susceptibility to different insecticides is therefore vital for informed decisions regarding outbreak responses. In this study, we elucidate the patterns of resistance to two insecticide classes within the primary vectors of West Nile virus in the northeast and midwestern regions of the continental United States, Culex pipiens and Culex restuans. Methodology/Principal Findings: Egg collections were performed throughout Illinois from 2018-2020, and adults were tested for insecticide resistance to permethrin and malathion. Individuals from each sampling location were sequenced to determine the presence of kdr target-site mutations, and biochemical assays were performed to determine increases in detoxification enzymes and insensitive acetylcholinesterase. Results from the bottle assays indicate variable resistance rates in Illinois, however lowered mortality was found in most of the regions that were tested. The kdr mutation (L1014F) was present in 50% of Culex pipiens sequenced, and more prevalent in southern Illinois compared with northern and central (p < 0.001). Different mechanisms were predictive of resistance by species and insecticide, with permethrin resistance being affected by kdr-allele frequency and oxidase levels and malathion resistance by α- and β-esterases in Culex pipiens. For Culex restuans α-esterase and oxidase levels were predictive of permethrin resistance while β-esterase and insensitive acetylcholinesterase levels were predictive of malathion resistance. Conclusions/Significance: We documented variation in insecticide resistance levels that appear to be driven by population differences in kdr mutation rates and metabolic resistance mechanisms. The presence of different mechanisms in species and regions has implications for approaches to resistance management and highlights the need to implement and maintain insecticide resistance monitoring practices.
Ischemia followed by reperfusion of cerebral blood flow after a stroke leads to the death of nerve cells and loss of brain tissue. The most commonly used animal model for studying stroke is the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Previous research studies have reported different infarct sizes even when the same experimental animal species was used under similar MCAO conditions. Therefore, we developed an improved experimental method to address this discrepancy. Mice were subjected to MCAO using a filament as the occlusion material to mimic human stroke conditions and filament thickness was optimized to establish more reproducible infarction volume. Mice treated with a methanol extract of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome (GRex) following stroke induction showed a significantly decreased total infarction volume and increased number of surviving cells relative to the untreated control group. This modified experimental protocol successfully and reproducibly demonstrated the beneficial effect of GRex on ischemic stroke.
Background/Objectives: Neuroinflammation is associated with the progression of various brain diseases, and the management of neuroinflammation-induced neural damage is a crucial aspect of treating neurological disorders. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using 660 nm phototherapy in a rat model with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. Methods: We induced inflammation in rat brains via intraperitoneal injection of LPS and subjected the treatment group to 660 nm phototherapy to examine its protective effect against hippocampal damage based on pathological, histological, and immunohistochemical tissue analyses. Results: The 660 nm treated rats showed a significant decrease in hippocampal structural damage and cell death compared to the LPS-treated group. We observed reduced expression of the inflammation markers GFAP, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the hippocampus of the treatment group, and an increase in SIRT1 expression across all hippocampal regions. Conclusions: This study presents a promising method for controlling neuroinflammation and providing neuroprotection and inflammation relief. PBMT represents a non-invasive therapeutic approach with minimal side effects ensured through the proper control of light irradiation.
Objective The aim of this study is to analyze the differences in the incidence, predicting factors, and clinical course of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) following surgical clipping between unruptured (UIA) and ruptured intracranial aneurysm (RIA). Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of 752 patients (UIA : 368 and RIA : 384) who underwent surgical clipping during 8 years. The incidence and predicting factors of CSDH development in the UIA and RIA were compared according to medical records and radiological data. Results The incidence of postoperative CSDH was higher in the UIA (10.9%) than in the RIA (3.1%) (p=0.000). In multivariate analysis, a high Hounsfield (HF) unit (blood clots) for subdural fluid collection (SFC), persistence of SFC â¥5 mm and male sex in the UIA and A high HF unit for SFC and SFC â¥5 mm without progression to hydrocephalus in the RIA were identified as the independent predicting factors for CSDH development (p<0.05). Conclusion There were differences in the incidence and predicting factors for CSDH following surgical clipping between UIA and RIA. Blood clots in the subdural space and persistence of SFC â¥5 mm were predicting factors in both UIA and RIA. However, progression to hydrocephalus may have in part contributed to low CSDH development in the RIA. We suggest that cleaning of blood clots in the subdural space and efforts to minimize SFC â¥5 mm at the end of surgery is helpful to prevent CSDH following aneurysmal clipping. Key Words: Chronic subdural hematoma · Surgical clipping · Intracranial aneurysm.
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