in Urban School Children" [1], there was an error in Figure 1.In Figure 1, the "S1/AQ1" and "S2/AQ2" marks should be interchanged.e corrected figure is shown as follows.
Objective : Whether exposure to chronic noise induces an increase in blood pressure, or the development of hypertension, has not been established. A cohort study was performed to identify the effects of chronic noise exposure on blood pressure. Methods : 530 males working at a metal manufacturing factory in Busan, Korea were enrolled for the study. They were monitored for 9 consecutive years, from 1991 to 1999, with an annual health check-up. The subjects were divided into 4 groups, which were determines by noise level categories(NLC) according to noise intensity ; NLC-I: office workers, exposed to noise a level below 60dB(A) ; NLC-II: field technical supporters or supervisors, frequently exposed to workplace noise, wearing no hearing protection device; NLC-III: workers, exposed to workplace noise below 85dB(A), wearing ear plugs or muffs; NLC-IV: workers, exposed to workplace noise over 85 dB(A), wearing both ear plugs and muffs. Results : After controlling possible confoundens, such as baseline age, smoking, alcohol intake, exercise, family history of hypertension, systolic(SBP) of diastolic blood pressure(DBP) and changes in BMI (body mass index), the pooled mean for the systolic blood pressures, over the duration of the study period, were 3.8mmHg, 2.0mmHg and 1.7mmHg higher in NLC-IV, NLC-III NLC-II groups, respectively, than in the NLC-I group. There were no significant differences in the diastolic blood pressures between the groups. Conclusion : This study suggests that chronic noise exposure increases systolic blood pressure independently, among male workers.
Objective To investigate choroidal features of idiopathic macular hole (IMH) and determine their relationship with surgical outcomes. Materials and methods Patients above stage II unilateral IMH who received pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with the internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling were enrolled for the retrospective observational study. Preoperative choriocapillaris perfusion (CCP), central choroidal thickness (CCT), base/minimum diameters (BD/MD) and height (HH) of MH were analyzed by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). At 1, 3 and 6 months after PPV, CCT, central foveal thickness (CFT) and maximum parafoveal thickness (MPT) of closed MH were measured. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was assessed at every visit. The correlations between preoperative characteristics and surgical outcomes were assessed. Results Twenty-seven patients were evaluated. All eyes (100%) showed successful MH closure after the primary surgery. Until postoperative 6 months, BCVA continued to improve significantly ( p < 0.001), while CFT and CCT progressively thinned ( p < 0.001, p < 0.001). On correlation tests, final postoperative BCVA was associated with preoperative BCVA (R = 0.506, p = 0.007) and CCP (R = -0.475, p = 0.012), while final CFT was related with preoperative CCT (R = 0.392, p = 0.043). Multiple regression analysis revealed that preoperative CCP was significantly related with final postoperative BCVA (β = -0.403, p = 0.049). Conclusion Preoperative CCP and CCT were respectively associated with functional and anatomical prognosis of IMH after PPV.
Multiple studies have investigated the association between hyperoxaemia following cardiac arrest (CA) and unfavourable outcomes; however, they have yielded inconsistent results. Most previous studies quantified oxygen exposure without considering its timing or duration. We investigated the relationship between unfavourable outcomes and supranormal arterial oxygen tension (PaO2 ), commonly defined as PaO2 > 100 mmHg, at specific time intervals within 24 h following CA.This retrospective observational study included 838 adult non-traumatic patients with CA. The first 24 h following CA were divided into four 6-h time intervals, and the first 6-h period was further divided into three 2-h segments. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess associations of the highest PaO2 and time-weighted average PaO2 (TWA-PaO2 ) values at each time interval with unfavourable outcomes at hospital discharge (cerebral performance categories 3-5).The highest PaO2 (p = .028) and TWA-PaO2 (p = .022) values during the 0-6-h time interval were significantly associated with unfavourable outcomes, whereas those at time intervals beyond 6 h were not. The association was the strongest at supranormal PaO2 values within the 0-2-h time interval, becoming significant at PaO2 values ≥ 150 mmHg. During the first 6 h, longer time spent at ≥150 mmHg of PaO2 was associated with an increased risk of unfavourable outcomes (p = .038). The results were consistent across several sensitivity analyses.Supranormal PaO2 during but not after the first 6 h following cardiac arrest was independently associated with unfavourable outcomes.
BACKGROUND: Dithianon (75%) formulation were mixed and sprayed as closely as possible by normal practice on the ten farms located in the Mungeong of South Korea.Patches, cotton gloves, socks, masks, and XAD-2 resin were used for measurement of the potential exposure of dithianon on the applicators wearing standardized wholebody outer and inner dosimeter (WBD).This study has been carried out to determine the dermal and inhalation exposure to dithianon during preparation of spray suspension and application with a power sprayer on a apple orchard.METHODS AND RESULTS: A personal air monitor equipped with an air pump, IOM sampler and cassette, and glass fiber filter was used for inhalation exposure.The field studies were carried out in a apple orchard.The temperature and relative humidity were monitored with a thermometer and a hygrometer.Wind speed was measured using a pocket weather meter.All mean field fortification recoveries were between 85.1% and 99.1% in the level of 100 LOQ (limit of quantification), while the LOQ for dithianon was 0.05 µg/mL using HPLC-DAD.The exposure to dithianon on arms of the mixer/loader (0.0794 mg) was higher than other body parts (head, hands, upper body, or legs).The exposure to dithianon on the applicator's legs (3.78 mg) was highest in the body parts.The dermal exposures for mixer/loader and applicator were 10 and 8.10 mg, respectively, from a grape orchard.The inhalation exposure during application was estimated as 0.151 mg, and the ratio of inhalation exposure was 11.2% of the dermal exposure (inner clothes).CONCLUSION: The dermal and inhalation exposure on the applicator appeared to be 4.203 mg -25.064 mg and 0.529 μg -116.241μg, respectively.The total exposures on the agricultural applicators were at the level of 2.596 mg -25.069 mg to dithianon during treatment for apple orchard.The TER showed 3.421 (>1) when AOEL of dithianon was used as a reference dose for the purpose of risk assessment of the mixing/loading and application.
This study examined changes in domestic regional tourism occurring after COVID-19, with a particular focus on the Gyeongnam region which has been recognized as a hub for marine leisure and industrial tourism. By doing so, it tried to provide empirical analysis results applicable to the formulation of regional tourism management and marketing strategies by using a non-parametric model. To overcome situations where the linear models commonly used in big data analysis are difficult to apply and to diversify the methodological aspects of big data analysis, this study proposed an additive model to represent nonlinear relationships. Key study procedures are as follows. Firstly, 22 cities in the Gyeongnam region were classified into four clusters based on a cluster analysis of visitor increase and decrease patterns. Subsequently, using an additive model for non-Euclidean variables, the impact of age group-specific visitor ratios and navigation search type ratios, extracted from big data on tourism expenditure by industry, in each of the four clusters were examined. Notable findings include a recent slight increase in the proportion of visitors in their 50s in the Gyeongnam region compared to pre-COVID-19. In Cluster 3, where the most significant differences in tourism patterns pre- and post-COVID-19 were observed, sectors such as accommodation and shopping were significantly related to tourism expenditure. Furthermore, except for one cluster, those aged 50 or older had the most influence on expenditure in most regions. Based on these results, the study suggests that designing models considering the nonlinear characteristics of diverse data can be valuable in big data analysis. Along with this, the study proposes the necessity of formulating big data-based strategies in regional tourism policies and practical fields, taking into account the insights derived from the analysis.
Objectives : To obtain basic data on blood lead level and urinary level of arsenic and cadmium of children living near a petrochemical estate and a suburban area in Ulsan, Korea and to observe the trend of the changes. In the level of these metals in these children. Methods : The study subjects comprised 626 children living near a petrochemical estate and 299 children living in a suburban area of Ulsan. We analyzed the level of lead, arsenic and cadmium using atomic absorption spectrometer. Results : The mean levels of blood lead in children living near the petrochemical estate were , and in the years 1997, 1999, and 2000, respectively, whereas those of children living in the suburban area were respectively. The mean levels of urinary arsenic in children living near the petrochemical estate were creatinine, creatinine, and creatinine in the year 1997, 1999, and 2000 respectively, whereas those of children living in suburban area were creatinine, creatinine, and creatinine, respectively. The mean levels of urinary cadmium in children living near the petrochemical estate were creatinine, creatinine, and creatinine in the year 1997, 1999, and 2000, respectively, whereas those of the children living in the suburban area were creatinine, creatinine, and creatinine, respectively. There were increasing trends in the level of blood lead, urinary arsenic and cadmium of children in Ulsan, and the differences in the level of these metals were disappearing between the children living in other areas year by year. Conclusions : These results suggest that the amount of exposure to lead, arsenic, and cadmium is increasing from year to year, and there is a need for periodic biological and atmospheric monitoring of these metals in Ulsan.
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