Introduction On Hainan Island, a rubber plantation that occupies a large swath of land plays an important role in the regional carbon budget. However, the carbon exchange of the rubber plantation is poorly understood. Methods In this study, using the eddy covariance methods we measured carbon metrics in the rubber plantation for 13 years from 2010 to 2022. Results We clarified that the rubber plantation is a carbon sink and the annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE), ecosystem respiration, and gross primary production were −911.89 ± 135.37, 1,528.04 ± 253.50, and 2,439.93 ± 259.63 gC·m −2 ·a −1 , respectively. Carbon fluxes differed between interannual years; specifically, rainy season fluxes were nearly double dry season fluxes. Radiation explained 46% of the variation for NEE in rainy season, and temperature explained 36% of the variation for NEE in the dry season. LAI explained the highest proportion of the monthly variation in NEE ( R 2 = 0.72, p < 0.001), indicating that when hydrothermal conditions are sufficient phenology may be the primary factor controlling carbon sequestration of rubber plantation. Due to climate change, there is an increasing probability of extreme climate events, such as typhoons, heat waves, and drought. Thus, we compared NEE before and after such events and results show extreme climate events reduce carbon uptake in the rubber plantation. We found that typhoons reduced NEE to varying degrees on different timescales. Heat waves generally decreased NEE during the day but recovered quickly and increased carbon uptake if there was sufficient precipitation. Drought reduced carbon uptake and continued to decrease even after precipitation. Discussion Estimating the carbon sink capacity of the rubber plantation and studying the response to regional environmental changes are important for both applied research (carbon sink research and market trading, sink enhancement, and emission reduction, etc.) and basic research (land use change, phenology change, etc.).
Silk fibroin–poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) fibrous membranes were electrospun by varying the weight ratios for silk fibroin to poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). The hydrophilicity, mechanical property, and biodegradability of the fibrous in vitro were evaluated. Contact angle test demonstrated that the hydrophilicity of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) fibrous membrane could be improved by introducing silk fibroin ingredient. Mechanical test showed that the strain–elongation performances of silk fibroin–poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) fibrous can be controlled by changing the silk fibroin percentage. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay test showed that the silk fibroin–poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) 2:8 fibrous enhanced the nerve cell proliferation compared to poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) fibrous. Silk fibroin–poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) fibrous membrane has been made into the nerve guidance conduit by the reeling and the sewing processing. The poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nerve guidance conduit and silk fibroin–poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nerve guidance conduit were implanted into a 10-mm sciatic nerve defect part of mice for nerve regeneration and the nerve regenerated at 12 weeks. Nerve regeneration test showed that the regenerated nerve in the silk fibroin–poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nerve guidance conduit group was more organized and mature than that in the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nerve guidance conduit group. The results suggest that the silk fibroin–poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (2:8) nerve guidance conduits have potential applications in nerve regeneration.
We experimentally demonstrate mode-division multiplexed (MDM) transmission using eight orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes over a single span of 100-km low-attenuation and low-crosstalk ring-core fiber (RCF). Each OAM mode channel carries 10 wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) signal channels in the C band, with each WDM channel in turn transmitting 16-GBaud quadrature phase-shift keying signal. An aggregate capacity of 2.56 Tbit/s and an overall spectral efficiency of 10.24 bit/(s · Hz) are realized. The capacity-distance product of 256 (Tbit/s) · km is the largest reported so far for OAM fiber communications systems to the best of our knowledge. Exploiting the low crosstalk between the OAM mode groups in the RCF, the scheme only requires the use of modular 4×4 multiple-input multiple-output processing, and it can therefore be scaled up in the number of MDM channels without increasing the complexity of signal processing.
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor transmembrane protein that plays a pivotal role in innate immune system. STING agonists, such as endogenous cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), have been used in diverse clinical research for immunogenic tumor clearance, antiviral treatments and vaccine adjuvants. CDNs containing noncanonical mixed 3′-5′ and 2′-5′ phosphodiester linkages show higher potency in the activation of the STING pathway. In this study, a series of 2′3′-CDNs were designed and synthesized through a modified one-pot strategy. We then established a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based binding assay to quantify the binding affinities of synthesized CDNs for human STING, which requested a minuscule amount of sample without any pretreatment. Using this assay, we identified compound 8d (KD = 0.038 μM), a novel CDN that showed higher binding affinity with hSTING than cGAMP (KD = 0.543 μM). Cellular assays confirmed that 8d could trigger the expression of type I IFNs and other proinflammatory cytokines more robust than cGAMP. 8d also exhibited more resistant than cGAMP to enzymatic cleavage in vitro, indicating the successful improvement in drug availability. These findings provide guidelines for the design and structural optimization of CDNs as STING agonists.
An ultimate integration strategy making use of material and geometry is applied in a proof-of-concept study. Integrated supercapacitor-sensor systems with the capability of photodetecting and strain sensing are fabricated based on multifunctional conducting polypyrrole and piezoresistive textile geometry, respectively. This integration strategy enables promising applications for self-powered smart sensory, wearable and healthcare electronics.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)