Objective To establish and apply the multi-station examination system of clinical skills in anesthesiology.Methods According to the actual teaching situation of anesthesiology,the examination contents,objective and standards were formulated.Questionnaire survey was given to those students who took part in the examination and the invigilated teachers.Results The surveyresult showed that all the teachers and students who took part in the examination system approved it for its advantages,such as unrestricted examination time,easy to control examination process and no harm to patients.Conclusions The multi-station examination system of clinical skills in anesthesiology was applicable to evaluate clinical skills of students who major in anesthesiology.
Key words:
Multi-station examination system of clinical skills; Anesthesiology; Medical students
Monosialoganglioside 1 (GM1) is the main ganglioside subtype and has neuroprotective properties in the central nervous system. In this study, we aimed to determine whether GM1 alleviates neurotoxicity induced by moderate and high concentrations of propofol combined with remifentanil in the immature central nervous system. Hippocampal neural stem cells were isolated from newborn Sprague-Dawley rats and treated with remifentanil (5, 10, 20 ng/mL) and propofol (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 μg/mL), and/or GM1 (12.5, 25, 50 μg/mL). GM1 reversed combined propofol and remifentanil-induced decreases in the percentage of 5-bromodeoxyuridine(+) cells and also reversed the increase in apoptotic cell percentage during neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. However, GM1 with combined propofol and remifentanil did not affect β-tubulin(+) or glial fibrillary acidic protein(+) cell percentage during neural stem cell differentiation. In conclusion, we show that GM1 alleviates the damaging effects of propofol combined with remifentanil at moderate and high exposure concentrations in neural stem cells in vitro, and exerts protective effects on the immature central nervous system.
Objective To investigate the effects of different concentrations nicardipine on glutamate induced-injury of primary cultured rats hippocampal astrocytes.Methods Astrocytes were taken from hippocampus of 2～3 days old SD rats and incubated for 3 weeks.The cells were randomly divided into six groups(n=9):normal control group were given Hanks solution(group C),glutamate group(group G) were given glutamate till the final concentration to 500 μmol/L,nicardipine group(group N) were given nicardipine till the final concentration to 10 μmol/L,glutamate combined nicardipine groups(group GN1,GN2,GN3) were given glutamate till the final concentration to 500 μmol/L and then added nicardipine till the final concentration were 1,5,10 μmol/L 10 minutes later.After cultured for 30 minutes,the intracellular dissociated Ca2+ concentration(i) were determined,and then cultured for 24 hours,the cells apoptosis was analyzed with flow cytometer,the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA),activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione(GSH) intracellular were measured.Glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) expression and the morphological changes were observed with immunofluorescence staining.Results Compared with group C,the apoptotic cells in group G and group GN1 were the majority,the non-apoptotic astrocytes were hyperplasia and hypertrophy,and the GFAP expression,i,content of MDA were significantly increased,the activity of SOD and GSH were significantly decreased.Compared with group G,the cell apoptosis were significantly decreased in group GN2 and GN3,and the GFAP expression,i,content of MDA were significantly decreased,the activity of SOD and GSH were significantly increased.Conclusion Nicardipine could inhibit the glutamate induced injury of hippocampal astrocytes through decreasing the intracellular Ca2+ overload and lipid peroxidation,clearing oxygen free radcials.
Objective To investigate the effects of propofol on apoptosis and the dynamic changes of Bcl-2 and Bax expressions in primary cultured hippocampal astrocytes in rats in response to anoxia and re-oxygenation.MethodsHippocampal astrocytes isolated and purified from neonatal wistar rats(2~3 days) were cultured for 3 weeks.The cells were treated as follows: normal control group,lipid vehicle group,4 h anoxia and 12 h,24 h,36 h,48 h,60 h,72 h re-oxygenation groups,4 h anoxia and 12 h,24 h,36 h,48 h,60 h,72 h re-oxygenation after added propofol 250μmol/L groups.The apoptosis of cells and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein were determined at all the time points,respectively.Results Compared with normal control group,the apoptosis index were increased with time prolonged in anoxia re-oxygenation groups,the expression of Bcl-2 protein reached the peak level at 24 h and then decreased gradually,the expression of Bax protein was low at 24h and increased with time prolonged,reached the peak level at 72h,the ratios of Bcl-2/Bax protein at the points of 24 h,48 h and 72 h were 1.4,0.8 and 0.6,respectively.Compared with anoxia re-oxygenation groups,the apotosis was decreased significantly in propofol group,the expression of Bax protein was decreased,the expression of Bcl-2 reached the peak level within 24 hs,thereafter decreased slightly but still maintained a high-level,and the expression level of Bcl-2 was sustainable higher than Bax,the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax protein was keeping in 1.6~1.8.Conclusion Propofol can inhibit the dynamic changes of Bcl-2 and Bax expression in hippocampal astrocytes with anoxia and re-oxygenation,and play a protective role by keeping the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax protein at highlevel.
Objective To investigate the effect of stellate ganglion block(SGB) on the plasma concentration of noradrenaline(NE) in rabbits suffering from acute pain and the possible mechanism.Methods Fourteen healthy rabbits of both sexes weighing 2.5 2.8 kg were anesthetized with 20% urethane 1 g·kg -1 . Spontanous breathing was maintained. Right stellate ganglion was exposed aseptically. An epidural catheter was fixed with one end placed close to stellate ganglion and the other end outside the neck through a hole on the skin for administration of drugs. One week later 3% formalin 0.2ml was injected subcutaneously into plantar region of the right paw. Pain response was observed . 60 min after formalin injection 0.25% bupivacaine 0.5ml was injected through catheter (bupivacaine group n=7) while in control group (n=7) normal saline 0.5ml was injected. The effect of SGB was confirmed by ptosis and miosis. Blood samples were taken from edge vein of the ear 10 min before (T 0) and 10(T 1), 30(T 2), 50min(T 3) after subcutaneous injection of formalin and 10min(T 4), 30min(T 5), 50min(T 6) after bupivacaine or normal saline injection for determination of plasma NE concentration by radioimmunoassay.Results Plasma NE concentration increased significantly after subcutaneous formalin injection and peaked at T 1,then decreased slightly at T 2 and T 3. In group B, plasma NE concentration decreased significantly after bupivacaine injection, while in control group there was no significantly change in plasma NE concentration after normal saline injection.Conclusions SGB reduces the increased plasma NE concentration in rabbits suffering from acute pain. This may be the possible mechanism of analgesia provided by SGB.
Objective
To study the clinical efficacy of Baofukang suppository and recombinant human interferon α-2b in the treatment of HPV infection with chronic cervicitis, and to observe the prognosis, thus to provide reference for its clinical treatment.
Methods
120 patients with chronic cervicitis with HPV infection were selected.All patients were divided into observation group and control group by random number table method, 60 cases in each group.The observation group was treated with Baofukang combined with recombinant human interferon α-2b, and the control group was treated with recombinant human interferon α-2b.The patients were evaluated before treatment, at the end of treatment and 3 months after treatment.The cure rate, total effective rate, recurrence rate, incidence rate of adverse reactions were observed and compared.
Results
In the observation group, 26 cases were cured, the cure rate was 43.33%.In the control group, 15 cases were cured, the cure rate was 25%.The cure rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant(χ2=4.482, P 0.05). After treatment for 3 months, the recurrence rate was 0.00% in the observation group and 1.67% in the control group, the difference was not statistically significant(χ2=1.008, P>0.05).
Conclusion
The combination of Baofukang suppository and recombinant human interferon α-2b showed good curative effect and prognosis in the treatment of chronic cervicitis with HPV infection, and it is worthy to be popularized in clinical practice.
Key words:
Uterine cervicitis; Human papillomavirus; Baofukang suppository; Recominant human interferon α-2b
A previous in vitro study reported that the monoterpene oxide 1,8-cineole (cineole) attenuates neuronal caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation in culture. However, to date, there is no in vivo evidence showing neuroprotective effects of cineole against stroke. This study aimed to investigate whether cineole attenuates cerebral ischaemic damage in rats.A rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24 h reperfusion was applied. Male rats were treated with oral cineole (100 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days, then subjected to MCAO surgery. Infarct volume, neurologic deficits, apoptosis and expression levels of all-spectrin breakdown products of 145 kDa (SBDP145), transient receptor potential canonical (subtype) 6 (TRPC6) and phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) were measured in ischaemic brain tissues.Cineole treatment significantly reduced infarct volume, neurological dysfunction, neuronal apoptosis, SBDP145 formation and TRPC6 degradation and enhanced p-CREB expression in MCAO rats compared with vehicle treatment. These neuroprotective effects were markedly suppressed by pharmacological inhibition of MEK or CaMKIV signalling.Our study provides in vivo evidence demonstrating that cineole pretreatment attenuates ischaemic stroke-induced brain damage, mainly through blocking calpain-induced TRPC6 degradation and activating CREB via MEK/CREB and CaMKIV/CREB signalling pathways.
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