Abstract Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading infectious cause of hospitalisation and death worldwide. The knowledge about the incidence and aetiology of CAP in China was fragmented. Methods A multicenter study performed at four hospitals in four regions in China and clinical samples from CAP patients were collected and used for pathogen identification from July 2016 to June 2019. Results A total of 1,674 patients were enrolled and the average annual incidence of hospitalized CAP was 18.7 cases per 10,000 people (95% confidence interval 18.5–19.0). The most common viral and bacterial agents found in patients were respiratory syncytial virus (19.2%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (9.3%). The co-infections percentage was 13.8%. Pathogen distribution displayed variations within age groups, and seasonal and regional differences. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was not detected. Respiratory virus detection was significantly positively correlated with air pollutants, including PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2; and significantly negatively correlated with ambient temperature and O3 content; bacteria detection was opposite. Conclusion The hospitalized CAP incidence in China was higher than previously known. CAP etiology showed differences in age, seasons, regions, and respiratory viruses were detected at a higher rate than bacterial infection overall. Air pollutants and temperature have influence on the detection of pathogens.
<p>XLSX file - 602KB, Supplementary Table 5. Cancer cell lines analyzed in this study. Supplementary Table 6. Tumor tissues analyzed in this study. Supplementary Table 7. List of 340 well characterized hotspot mutations interrogated by the amplicon libraries in this study. Variants also assayed by asPCR are indicated. Supplementary Table 8. Variants detected in 66 cancer cell lines, after applying post-processing filters. Note that indels and predicted deleterious SNVs are reported for all interrogated genes and transcripts. Supplementary Table 9. Variants detected in 73 FFPE endometrial tumor tissues, after applying post-processing filters. Note that indels and predicted deleterious SNVs are reported for all interrogated genes and transcripts. Supplementary Table 10. For cell line data, concordance with COSMIC somatic mutation annotation.</p>
The goal of this study is to observe changes in HBcAg-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells from peripheral blood and to relate such changes on viral clearance and liver injury in patients with acute hepatitis B (AHB). Dynamic profiles on the frequency of HLA-A0201-restricted HBcAg18-27 pentamer complex (MHC-Pentamer)-specific CTLs and lymphocyte subsets in AHB patients were analyzed in addition to liver function tests, HBV serological markers, and HBV DNA levels. ELISPOT was used to detect interferon-gamma (INF-γ) secretion in specific CTLs stimulated with known T cell epitope peptides associated with HBV surface protein, polymerase, and core protein. HBV-specific CTL frequencies in AHB patients were much higher than in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (p < 0.05). HBeAg and HBV DNA disappeared earlier in AHB patients with a high frequency of HBV-specific CTLs compared with those with a low frequency of HBV-specific CTLs (p = 0.001 and 0.024, respectively). INF-γ spots of effector cells stimulated by Pol575-583, Env348-357, or Core18-27 epitope peptides were significantly greater in AHB patients than in CHB patients (p < 0.01). CD3+CD8+ T cell numbers in AHB patients was more than observed in the healthy control group from the first to the fourth week after admission (p = 0.008 and 0.01, respectively); the number of CD3+CD8+ T cells and frequency of HBcAg18-27-specific CTLs in AHB patients reached peak levels at the second week after admission. NK and NKT cell numbers were negatively correlated with the frequency of HBcAg-specific CTLs (r = -0.266, p = 0.05). Patients with AHB possess a higher frequency of HBcAg-specific CTLs than CHB patients. The frequency of specific CTLs in AHB patients is correlated with HBeAg clearance indicating that HBV-specific CTLs play an important role in viral clearance and the self-limited process of the disease. Furthermore, NK and NKT cells are likely involved in the early, non-specific immune response to clear the virus.
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) can cause serious infections and has been increasingly reported clinically. However, we still lack the knowledge to what degree hvKp colonize the community. In this study, we investigated colonization of hvKp in healthy human gut and the relationship between gut hvKp and clinically important invasive strains. We compile global genomes of gut K. pneumoniae for in-depth genetic analysis and found most hvKp genomes originated from Chinese datasets; therefore, we collected gut K. pneumoniae isolates from healthy people around China. The results revealed a moderate carriage rate of hvKp in the healthy population (4%–5.19%). Phylogenetic analysis indicated a close relationship between gut hvKp and fatal clinical strains. These results demonstrate that the human gut may serve as a reservoir of hvKp and that gut hvKp can play a role in infection of other body parts.
Strains 449T and 622 are both aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, short, rod-shaped bacilli that were recently isolated from the faeces of Tibetan antelopes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. Their 16S rRNA gene sequences were most similar to those of Mycetocola zhadangensis ZD1-4T(97.9-98.0 %) and Mycetocola miduiensis CGMCC 1.11101T(97.3-97.4 %). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences further suggested that strains 449T and 622 represent a new lineage within the genus Mycetocola. The G+C content of strain 449T is 64.9 mol%. Optimal growth was achieved at pH 7.0 and 28 °C. Cells contained anteiso-C15 : 0 as the major cellular fatty acid, MK-10 and MK-11 as predominant menaquinones, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol as major polar lipids, and lysine as the diagnostic diamino acid. The DNA-DNA hybridization values of strains 449T and 622 were below the 70 % cut-off with respect to known strains of the genus Mycetocola. Based on these genotypic, phenotypic and biochemical characteristics, it seems rational to conclude that strains 449T and 622 belong to the genus Mycetocola and thus represent a novel species, for which the name Mycetocola zhujimingii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 449T (=CGMCC 1.16372T=DSM 106173T).
Objective
To discuss the prenatal ultrasonographic features of a twin pregnancy consisting of a complete mole and coexisting fetus (CMCF), and the clinical significance of ultrasonography in diagnosis of CMCF.
Methods
In this study, the ultrasonographic features of eleven women who were diagnosed or suspected as CMCF from January 2010 to January 2015 were analyzed, and the imaging findings were compared with the clinical outcome and postnatal pathologic findings.
Results
Nine of eleven women were diagnosed as CMCF by ultrasound at the 11st-13rd gestational week, and the other two women were suspected cases. After pregnancy termination, one of the suspected cases was confirmed as placental infarction secondary to single death in twins, while the other one was proved to be partial hydatidiform mole. Six of all eleven women got pregnant after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). They were all transferred two fresh or frozen-thawed embryos, one woman underwent ovulation induction therapy before pregnancy. In all of the CMCF cases ultrasound examination demonstrated a normally growing live fetus with a normal placenta and an additional intrauterine echogenic mass with features of hydatidiform mole. Eight of nine CMCF cases underwent ultrasound examination at the 6th-10th gestational week, five of which were abnormal on ultrasonogram during this period. In these cases, the normal gestational sac and embryo with heartbeats could be observed alongside heterogeneous iso- or hypo echoic mass of irregular shape. However, the sonographic appearance was similar to early intrauterine pregnancy complicated with hemorrhage in the endometrial cavity or single death in twins. All cases were confirmed by pathologic or chromosome examination.
Conclusions
Ultrasonogram of CMCF is typical at the 11st-13rd gestational week, and ultrasonic diagnosis has important clinical application value. The abnormal ultrasonogram of CMCF in the early-period pregnancy should be differentiated from early intrauterine pregnancy complicated with hemorrhage in the endometrial cavity or single death in twins. Management, including the decision on whether to continue pregnancy and the timing of termination, depends on the level and its increase of β-hCG, the size of mass and its growth, the gestational week and existence of complications. Therefore, Ultrasonography has important clinical significance in diagnosis of CMCF.
Key words:
Ultrasonography, prenatal; Diseases in twins; Hydatidiform Mole
Soil freeze–thaw processes are remarkable features of the land surface across the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Soil moisture and temperature fluctuate during the freeze–thaw cycle, affecting the soil water and energy exchange between the land and atmosphere. This study investigates variations in the soil temperature, humidity, and freeze–thaw state and their responses to air temperature and precipitation on the TP from 1981 to 2016. Regional simulations of the TP using Community Land Model version 4.5 demonstrate that the climate of the TP has become warmer and wetter over the past 37 years, with increases in both regional average temperature and precipitation. Using empirical orthogonal function analysis and the Mann–Kendall trend test of air temperature, we show that 1980–1998 was relatively cold, and 1999–2016 was relatively warm. Soil temperature and moisture in most areas of the TP were affected by air temperature and precipitation, and both showed an upward trend during the past 37 years. Overall, from 1981 to 2016, the freezing date of the TP has become delayed, the thawing date has been hastened, and the duration of the freeze–thaw state has shortened. The surface soil freezes and thaws first, and these processes pervade deeper soil with the passage of time; freeze–thaw processes have an obvious hysteresis. Precipitation and air temperature had marked effects on the freeze–thaw processes. Higher air temperatures delay the freezing date, hasten the thawing date, and shorten the freeze–thaw period. Areas with the highest precipitation saw late soil freeze, early thaw, and the shortest freeze–thaw duration. Areas with less vegetation froze earlier and thawed later. The freeze–thaw duration increased in the northwest of the plateau and decreased on the rest of the plateau. This article informs research on frozen soil change in the context of global warming.
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