Disease progression of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is driven by the interactions between viral replication and the host immune response against the infection. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between HBV replication and hepatic inflammation during disease progression.
Objectives: To focus on estimating the OOP payment on the different crowds and monitoring the equity of health financing in order to provide references for policy-making.Methods: The comparative research method is used to analyze the OOP payment.The data sources are from Shandong Statistical Yearbook.Results:(1)The proportion of average urban resident OOP over the household non-food consumption is increased from 7.39 to 9.03,while it is from 10% to 12% for rural residents.(2)In 2009,the proportion of OOP over household non-food consumption for 10% of the lowest household income group is the highest.Conclusion:(1)The level of medical expense of resident is increasing.(2)Rural resident pays a relative high medical expense.(3)It is a relative high burden for low income household.Recommendations: The goal of reducing OOP should be achieved.Meanwhile,government should increase the subsidy to improve the access of health care for the vulnerable population.
Tetrandrine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Stephaniae tetrandrae, has a long history in Chinese clinical applications to treat diverse diseases. Tetrandrine induced apoptosis or, at low concentrations, autophagy of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Here we have tested the effects of inhibitors of autophagy such as chloroquine, on the response to low concentrations of tetrandrine in cancer cells.Cultures of several cancer cell lines, including Huh7, U251, HCT116 and A549 cells, were exposed to tetrandrine, chloroquine or a combination of these compounds. Cell viability and content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured and synergy assessed by calculation of the combination index. Western blot and RT-PCR assays were also used along with fluorescence microscopy and histochemical techniques.Combinations of tetrandrine and chloroquine were more cytotoxic than the same concentrations used separately and these effects showed synergy. Such effects involved increased ROS generation and were dependent on caspase-3 but independent of Akt activity. Blockade of tetrandrine-induced autophagy with 3-methyladenine or bafilomycin-A1 induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Lack of p21 protein (p21(-/-) HCT116 cells) increased sensitivity to the apoptotic effects of the combination of tetrandrine and chloroquine. In a tumour xenograft model in mice, combined treatment with tetrandrine and chloroquine induced ROS accumulation and cell apoptosis, and decreased tumour growth.The combinations of tetrandrine and chloroquine exhibited synergistic anti-tumour activity, in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for tumour treatment.
Up to now there are three acknowledged discoveries of Cao-wei graves,the first was built in the 8 year of Zhenshi(247 AD),the other two bore no counting year.Though the number of the graves is limited,they provided us with the rich and direct data to know the general features of the Cao-wei graves in Luoyang: the format,structure,package of the burying articles,and the funeral customs and rites.They are of even greater value when we compare the Cao-wei tombs in Luoyang with those in the late Eastern Dynasty and those in the Western Dynasty.Apart from that,the Cao-wei graves are also the turning point from Han patterns to Jin patterns in the Chinese grave history.
Objective To study the therapeutic effect of Lamivudine on the negative effect of HBV-DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) and serum and the level of cytokines in serum of the patients with chronic hepatitis B.Methods The total of 81 patients were divided into two groups(A=47, B=34), and treated by Lamivudine, routine medicine, respectively. The levels of HBV-DNA in PBMC and serum and cytokines were all detected before and after treatment.Results After the treatment of Lamivudine for 36 weeks, the total negative conversion rates of HBV-DNA in PBMC and serum of the patients treated with Lamivudine were 55.32%(26/47) and 61.70%(29/47), respectively. The total negative conversion rates of HBV-DNA in PBMC and serum of the patients treated by routine medicine were 26.47%(9/34) and 32.35%(11/34), respectively. There was significant difference between in Lamivudine group and in routine medicine group(P0.01). The negative rates of HBeAg in serum of the patients were 46.81%(22/47) and 68.09%(32/47) at end of 12 weeks and 24 weeks, and were higher than those of routine medicine group(P0.05 and P0.01). The levels of ALT, AST, ALT/AST in serum of the patients after being treated by Lamivudine and routine medicine were down-regulated to (30.1±9.6) U/ml, (32.3±10.7) U/ml, 0.9±0.1 and (48.4±10.7) U/ml, (44.7±11.0) U/ml, 1.1±0.2. After the analysis of variance, the high significant difference was obvious between two groups(P0.01). It was in factor that the high level of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in chronic hepatitis B could be down-regulated to (250.5±33.3) pg/ml, (153.4±22.2) pg/ml, (232.6±21.2) pg/ml by Lamivudine, which was more obvious than that of routine medicine (P0.01). Conclusion Lamivudine has high therapeutic effect on the treatment of HBV-DNA in PBMC and serum and has better therapeutic effect than that of routine therapy. Lamivudine may also have higher down-regulate inflammatory infiltration and secretion in local site caused by chemotactic cytokines and promotional effect on the recovery of liver function.
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