Objective:The development of a dictionary of clinical terminology based on medical concepts is essential for understanding the precise meanings of the clinical terminologies used in EMR systems.For an unambiguous presentation and retrieval of the terminologies in practical data entry, this study propose a clinical terminology dictionary, which integrates and manages the wide range of data in EMR Systems.Methods: The structure of the system and attributes were defined.The structures should satisfy the following: all terminologies should be consistent with the medical concepts, all concepts have multiple relationships, all concepts have many synonyms, all concepts can be mapped to concepts in an external medical terminology system, and all concepts can be grouped as value sets by setting the "domain".Results: With the derived entity objects and attributes, the physical clinical terminology database was constructed and an editor was developed using MySQL 5.0.45 and JAVA Swing.To verify the structure and contents of the developed clinical terminology dictionary, the terminology experts used the editor to search and register the medical concepts.Conclusion: Although the contents refinement and complements are an unsolved problem, it is anticipated that the proposed research will provide unambiguous meanings of the clinical terminology and be applicable to many services in EMR systems.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
β-Glucan is a glucose polymer that has linkage of β-(1,3), -(1,4) and -(1,6). Exclusively found in fungal and bacterial, not in animal, cell walls, β-glucans are recognized by the innate immune system. Dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages possess pattern recognition molecules (PRM) for binding β-glucan in the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). Recently, β-glucan receptor was cloned from DC and named dectin-1, which belongs to the type II C-type lectin family. Human dectin-1 consists of 7 exons and 6 introns.The polypeptide of dectin-1 has 247 amino acids and has cytoplasmic, transmembrane, stalk, and carbohydrate recognition domains. Dectin-1 can recognize a variety of β-1,3 and/or β-1,6 glucan linkages, but not α-glucans. In our macrophage cell line culture system, dectin-1 mRNAwas detected in RAW264.7 cells by a reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Dectin-1 was also detected in the murine organs of spleen, thymus, lung, and intestine. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with β-glucans of Ganoderma lucidum (GLG) resulted in increased expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in the presence of LPS. However, GLG alone did not increase IL-6 or TNF-α. These results suggest that receptor dectin-1 cooperates with CD14 to activate signal transduction, which is very critical in immunoresponses.
The pleasant fragrance of ylang ylang varieties (Cananga odorata) is mainly due to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the flowers. Floral scents are a key factor in plant–insect interactions and are vital for successful pollination. C. odorata var. fruticosa, or dwarf ylang ylang, is a variety of ylang ylang that is popularly grown in Southeast Asia as a small shrub with aromatic flowers. Here, we describe the combined use of bioinformatics and chemical analysis to discover genes for the VOC biosynthesis pathways and related genes. The scented flowers of C. odorata var. fruticosa were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and a total of 49 VOCs were identified at four different stages of flower development. The bulk of these VOCs were terpenes, mainly sesquiterpenes. To identify the various terpene synthases (TPSs) involved in the production of these essential oils, we performed RNA sequencing on mature flowers. From the RNA sequencing data, four full-length TPSs were functionally characterized. In vitro assays showed that two of these TPSs were mono-TPSs. CoTPS1 synthesized four products corresponding to β-thujene, sabinene, β-pinene, and α-terpinene from geranyl pyrophosphate and CoTPS4 produced geraniol from geranyl pyrophosphate. The other two TPSs were identified as sesqui-TPSs. CoTPS3 catalysed the conversion of farnesyl pyrophosphate to α-bergamotene, whereas CoTPS2 was found to be a multifunctional and novel TPS that could catalyse the synthesis of three sesquiterpenes, β-ylangene, β-copaene, and β-cubebene. Additionally, the activities of the two sesqui-TPSs were confirmed in planta by transient expression of these TPS genes in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves by Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration.
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Autoimmune diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality. Treatment options for autoimmune diseases have increased over the past several decades, but they are, in general, limited in their clinical efficacy due to high toxicity and lack of selectivity. Thus, efforts must be made to identify new immunomodulatory agents that are effective through a novel mechanism to circumvent existing side effects. To define the structural requirements of subglutinols for immunomodulatory activity and to provide guiding principles on future therapeutic development, we prepared and evaluated several subglutinol analogs for their immunomodulatory activities. Our efforts identified a subglutinol analog with reduced structural complexity as a potential lead compound for future autoimmune drug development. Our study will provide an important framework for the design of potent and nontoxic immunomodulating agents derived from subglutinols.
Substrat am Steuer: Die erste asymmetrische Totalsynthese von (+)-Itomanallen A (revidierte Struktur) gelang ausgehend von kommerziell erhältlichem (S)-Glycidol in substratgesteuerter Weise. Je nachdem, ob bei der intramolekularen Alkylierung ein Amidenolat oder ein Nitrilanion verwendet wird, erhält man das α,α′-cis- bzw. das α,α′-trans-Tetrahydrofuran-Isomer. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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