Abstract P2‐phase layered cathodes play a pivotal role in sodium‐ion batteries due to their efficient Na + intercalation chemistry. However, limited by crystal disintegration and interfacial instability, bulk and interfacial failure plague their electrochemical performance. To address these challenges, a structural enhancement combined with surface modification is achieved through trace Y doping. Based on a synergistic combination of experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the introduction of partial Y ions at the Na site (2d) acts as a stabilizing pillar, mitigating the electrostatic repulsions between adjacent TMO 2 slabs and thereby relieving internal structural stress. Furthermore, the presence of Y effectively optimizes the Ni 3d‐O 2p hybridization, resulting in enhanced electronic conductivity and a notable rapid charging ability, with a capacity of 77.3 mA h g −1 at 40 C. Concurrently, the introduction of Y also induces the formation of perovskite nano‐islands, which serve to minimize side reactions and modulate interfacial diffusion. As a result, the refined P2‐Na 0.65 Y 0.025 [Ni 0.33 Mn 0.67 ]O 2 cathode material exhibits an exceptionally low volume variation (≈1.99%), an impressive capacity retention of 83.3% even at −40 °C after1500 cycles at 1 C.
Abstract As two dimensional materials (2D materials) demonstrate unique and diverse properties, clean transfer methods can serve a cornerstone for creative assembly of these 2D building blocks for both fundamental explorations and versatile applications. One of the major challenges for preserving the pristine properties of 2D materials during transfer and construction is to debond 2D materials from original substrates without inducing structural damage and external contamination. In this work, through both molecular dynamic studies and experimental demonstration, it is found that droplets of ethanol, a common and environmental friendly solvent, can be used to effectively reduce the adhesion energy between 2D materials and substrates, and therefore enable a clean transfer method for 2D mterials. Various assembled structures based on 2D building blocks, such as van der Waals heterostructures, predesigned artificial patterns, 2D materials on suspended devices are all demonstrated. Thermal conductivity measurements of MoS 2 nanosheets on a suspended microbridge device also confirm the successful application of suspended 2D transfer. It is expected that this ethanol assisted transfer method can enable clean assembly of 2D building blocks for construction of novel structures and suspended devices.
Abstract Complete separation of water and solute is the ultimate goal of water treatment, for maximized resource recycling. However, commercialized approaches such as evaporative crystallizers consume a large amount of electricity with a significant carbon footprint, leading to calls for alternative energy-efficient and eco-friendly strategies. Here, inspired by schooling fish, we demonstrate a collective system self-assembled by expanded polystyrene (EPS)-core/graphene oxide (GO)-shell particles, which enables autonomous, efficient and complete water-solute separation powered by sunlight. By taking advantage of surface tension, these tailored particles school together naturally and are bonded as a system to function collectively and coordinatively, to nucleate, grow and output salt crystals continuously and automatically out of even saturated brine, to complete water-solute separation. Solar-vapor conversion efficiency over 90% and salt production rate as high as 0.39 kg m–2 h–1 are achieved under 1-sun illumination for this system. It reduces the carbon footprint of ∼50 kg for treating 1-ton saturated brine compared with the commercialized approaches.
Small-sized (∼65 nm) doxorubicin (Dox)-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) were modified with oligonucleotides to form colloidally stable Dox-loaded polymeric spherical nucleic acid (Dox-PSNA) nanostructures in biological media. The nucleic acid shell facilitates the cellular uptake of Dox-PSNA, which results in in vitro cytotoxicity against SKOV3 cancer cells.
During 1911 and 1927,Chinese industry had made great progress and the most notable was the rise of private industrial capital.A large number of commercial capital transferred to the industry,the government intervention reduced,a climate suitable for the development of private capital had been formed.The fastest growth was in the section of light industry.Among the foreign capitals in China,Britain and Germany had less investment because of the War,while the Japan and U.S.investment was growing constantly.During this period,the extraordinary development of Chinese industry mainly depended on the expansion of domestic market,while the impact of the World War I is limited.
The chemical degradation of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) suffering from radical attack is a crucial issue in the development of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), while incorporating cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) with regenerative redox properties to eliminate radicals could effectively alleviate degradation. However, the low stability and restricted activity of CeO2 in the PEMFC operating condition and the poor compatibility with PEM due to CeO2 agglomeration stimulate the urgency for structural modulation of CeO2. Herein, polyphenols surface functionalized CeO2 core-shell structure (CeO2@TP) were constructed via assembling oxidation-induced coupling tea polyphenols (TP) on CeO2 NPs. The TP oligomeric shell as a protective layer enhances the stability of CeO2, mitigating radical scavenging activity degradation and improving compatibility with PEMs. Gratifyingly, the phenolic hydroxyl-rich reductive TP oligomeric shell accelerates the regeneration of Ce(IV) to Ce(III), increasing the proportion of Ce(III) and oxygen vacancies on the CeO2 surface, thus boosting antioxidation efficiency. As a result, the CeO2@TP-based PEMs exhibited an OCV decay rate of 0.22 mV h-1, a maximum power density of 1.06 W cm-2, an H2 crossover value of 2.18 mA cm-2, thickness retention (91.1%), and negligible Ce migration after 404 hours of accelerated degradation testing.
Abstract Polystyrene is a staple plastic in the packaging and insulation market. Despite its good recyclability, the willingness of PS recycling remains low, largely due to the high recycling cost and limited profitability. This review examines the research progresses, gaps, and challenges in areas that affect the recycling costs, including but not limited to logistics, packaging design, and policymaking. We critically evaluate the recent developments in upcycling strategies, and we particularly focus on tandem and hydrogen‐atom transfer (HAT) upcycling strategies. We conclude that future upcycling studies should focus on not only reaction chemistry and mechanisms but also economic viability of the processes. The goal of this review is to stimulate the development of innovative recycling strategies with low recycling costs and high economic output values. We hope to stimulate the economic and technological momentum of PS recycling towards a sustainable and circular economy.
In the current study, the movement of the vortex center position and the prediction of the maximum velocity at the top surface with different casting parameters were studied in a steel continuous casting slab strand using the Eulerian–Eulerian approach. One, two, and three vortexes were generated under the flow pattern of single roll flow, double roll flow, and complex roll flow, respectively. The vortex center position migrated from the meniscus to the submerged entry nozzle in the upper recirculation zone and moved downward along the mold height in the lower recirculation zone with the increasing of the casting speed, respectively. With the increasing of the argon flow rate, the movement trajectory of vortex center was opposite to the increasing of the casting speed. The vortex center position moved from the meniscus to the submerged entry nozzle with the outport angle of submerged entry nozzle increased and migrated from the submerged entry nozzle to the meniscus with mold width increased. In addition, nonlinear fitting for the maximum velocity of the molten steel at the top surface under different cast parameters was performed, and the regression equation was verified by nail board measurements The on-line prediction of the maximum velocity at the top surface was realized.
Abstract The practical application of lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) is significantly hindered by the uncontrolled Li dendrite growth and unstable solid electrolyte interphase layer, which leads to low Coulombic efficiency and short cycling lifetime. Constructing protective layers on Li metal surface is demonstrated as a facile and efficient approach to tackle these issues. With superior chemical/electrochemical stability, mechanical robustness, high current density tolerance, and low cost, porous polymers are considered promising candidates as the protective layers toward practical Li‐metal battery applications. In this review, the fundamental mechanisms in stabilizing Li‐metal electrodes, design principles, scalable processing, and recent progress of porous polymers toward practical batteries are thoroughly reviewed and discussed. The purpose of the current review is to analyze whether applying porous polymers as the protective layers is a more promising option of LMBs, and it also discusses how to practically achieve low cost, high‐energy‐density, safe, and long cycle life batteries.
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