The prevalence of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in healthy and diarrhoeic goats was investigated in Uttar Pradesh, India by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. A total of one hundred seventy six fecal samples were collected from different farms/migratory flocks (30 healthy and 18 diarrhoeic) and organized farms (65 healthy and 65 diarrhoeic) in Mathura and Agra districts. Nineteen STEC isolates (18.95%) carried either stx1/stx2 alone or in combination could be isolated from healthy goats. Whereas, twenty nine STEC isolates (34.94%) carried either stx1/stx2 alone or in combination in diarrhoeic goats. Interestingly in the present study, many of STEC isolates from kids carried stx1 gene compared to adult goats which mostly carried stx2 STEC isolates. The study reveled that there is high prevalence of STEC strains in both healthy and diarrhoeic goats which can pose threat to animals as well as humans. Further studies are required to establish the relationship between animals and humans by detailed molecular typing studies in this part of country.
Background: Osteomyelitis is an important cause of morbidity in patients with bone infections in developing countries like India. Gram positive bacteria especially Staphylococcus aureus, classically causes this desease, but Gram negative bacteria have grown in importance as causative agents. Widespread use of antibiotics has however altered the aetiological pattern of infections and antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Therefore, the treatment is becoming increasingly troublesome due to rise in drug resistant isolates. Objective: This study was therefore undertaken to determine the bacteriological profile of osteomyelitis and also to ascertain the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Materials andMethods: In the present study, 100 pus samples from osteomyelitis patients were taken and the specimens were inoculated onto Nutrient, blood and MacConkey agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37 ⁰C for 18 – 24 hours in an incubator. Culture isolates were identified by colony characteristics, Gram’s staining, motility and biochemical reactions. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method using CLSI guidelines. MRSA detection was done by cefoxitin disc diffusion method. Results: The highest incidence of osteomyelitis was observed in the age group of 16-30 years (34%) followed by 31-45 years (31%). Out of 100 cases, 76 (76%) were males and 24 (24%) were females with male to female ratio of 3.16:1. Trauma due to road side accidents (45%) accounted for maximum no. of cases. The commonest organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus – 32 (35.56%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa -17 (18.89%) as the second most common organism. Out of 32 Staph. aureus isolates, 13 (41.93%) isolates were found to be MRSA and all the MRSA isolates were (100%) resistant to ampicillin, amoxyclav and cefotaxime. Conclusion : Our study will guide the clinicians in choosing appropriate antibiotics, which not only contribute to better treatment, but the judicious use of such antibiotics will also help in preventing emergence of resistance to the drugs, which are still sensitive.
The study was conducted in Baghpat district of Uttar Pradesh. Baghpat represents the agro-eco-socio situation of western Uttar Pradesh. 300 respondents were taken for the study. The major problem in diversification perceived and expressed by the farmers were supporting price, technical guidance, transportation of produce, non availability and adulteration in inputs and lack of developed marketing infrastructure. Animal husbandry & dairy, vegetable production, floriculture were the main choices of the farmers for diversification, however spices, medicinal plants and pulse were also focused by the sufficient number of farmers for diversification. Farmers suggested that relatively more trainings are required in field of medicinal plants, flowers, vegetables and spices with special reference to plant protection measures, marketing intelligence and post harvest management. How ever some of the farmers were also suggested requirement of regular training on veterinary aspects in animal and poultry.
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