ZusammenfassungBeide Modelle sind dem Typ "disaggregierte makroökonometrische Modelle" zuzuordnen: In beiden Modellen ist sowohl der Produktionsbereich (nach Wirtschaftssektoren) als auch die Nachfrage (nach Ausgaben-Kategorien) disaggregiert. Es sei an dieser Stelle noch einmal besonders darauf hingewiesen, dass in die Dokumentation nur aggregierte Größen aufgenommen werden konnten. Simulationsergebnisse für disaggregierte Größen (z.B. für einzelne Sektoren) sind auf Nachfrage bei den Modellbauern erhältlich.
Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the quality and efficiency of exosomes extracted from knee joint effusion by different methods, laying a foundation for further research on exosomes from knee joint effusion. Methods: To separate and extract joint exosomes by 8% polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method, ultracentrifugation method (UC) and ultrafiltration with exclusion chromatography (SECF). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracing technology (NTA) were used to detect particle morphology and particle size, and Western Blot (WB) was used to detect marker proteins of granule surface (CD9, CD63, Flotillin-1 and calnexin). Results: Three methods separated vesicle-like round particles from joint effusion successfully. The results of TEM show that the particles obtained by the three extraction methods are round or oval vesicles, the plasma membrane is intact, the size is different, and the diameter is distributed between 30 and 150 nm. Compared with SECF group, PEG group had more background particle impurities. and the broken vesicle fragments can be seen in the UC group; The results of NTA show that the main peaks of the three groups of particles are between 100-120nm, and the particle concentration is greater than 1×10 10 /ml; The results of WB show that the protein expressions of CD9, CD63 and Flotillin-1 in the suspension extracted by the three methods were higher, the expression of calnexin protein in the PEG group was higher than the UC group and SECF group. Conclusion: The three extraction methods can extract the exosomes of joint effusion successfully. The quality of exosomes obtained by the SECF method is relatively high, while the PEG precipitation method contains a small amount of impurity particles. UC method does not guarantee the integrity of exosomes. In summary, we recommend the SECF method to extract and isolate joint effusion exudates-derived exosomes when further studying the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis.
Objective
To investigate the feasibility of adding an auxiliary soft-point portal for the arthroscopic treatment of stiff elbow.
Methods
From January 2016 to August 2017, 20 patients with stiff elbow were treated at Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Nanchang University. They were 13 males and 7 females, with a mean age of 30.8 years (from 18 to 46 years). Their elbow stiffness time averaged 8.4 months (from 6 to 14 months). Their stiff elbow was released by elbow arthroscopy after their surgical contraindications were controlled. In addition to conventional portals, an auxiliary soft-point portal was used. Analgesia was conducted postoperatively and staged rehabilitation encouraged immediately after operation. The therapeutic effects were evaluated using Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) elbow score and the Mayo scoring system at final follow-ups.
Results
The 20 patients were followed up for an average time of 8.9 months (from 4 to 15 months). Their preoperative maximum elbow flexion (62.3°±21.4°), maximum elbow extension (30.4°±13.6°) and total range of elbow motion (32.5°±22.4°) were significantly improved to 112.6°±23.4°, 15.3°±10.4° and 98.4°±15.3°, respectively, at final follow-ups (P<0.05). According to their HSS elbow scores, 13 cases were excellent and 7 good, yielding an excellent to good rate of 100%; their preoperative Mayo scores (64.1±12.8) were significantly improved to 85.6±7.4 points at final follow-ups (P<0.05).
Conclusion
Addition of an auxiliary soft-point portal in the arthroscopic treatment of elbow stiffness can simplify operative maneuver and shorten operation time, leading to fine curative efficacy.
Key words:
Elbow joint; Arthroscopy; Surgical procedures, minimally invasive; Elbow stiffness
RAD21 plays multiple roles in numerous cancers. In breast cancer (BC), a high level of RAD21 correlates with poor disease outcomes and resistance to chemotherapy. However, data regarding RAD21 promoter methylation in BC tissue and its correlation with clinical outcomes in patients with BC remain limited. Here, we investigated the clinicopathological features associated with the methylation status of RAD21 in BC to figure out its possible role in pathogenesis and the formation of breast carcinogenesis. The methylation status of the RAD21 gene was significantly associated with better clinical outcomes in patients with BC.
We reformulate and extend the standard AS-AD growth model of the Neoclassical Synthesis (stage I) with its traditional microfoundations. The model retains an LM curve in the place of a Taylor interest rate rule, exhibits sticky wages as well as sticky prices, myopic perfect foresight of current inflation rates and adaptively formed medium-run expectations concerning the investment and the inflation climate in which the economy is operating. The resulting nonlinear 5D model of labor and goods market disequilibrium dynamics avoids the striking anomalies of the standard AS-AD model of the Neoclassical synthesis (stage I). It exhibits instead Keynesian feedback dynamics proper with, in particular, asymptotic stability of its unique interior steady state for low adjustment speeds and with cyclical loss of stability ? by way of Hopf bifurcations ? when some adjustment speeds are made suciently large, eventually leading to purely explosive dynamics. In such cases, downward money wage rigidity serves to make the overall dynamics bounded and thus viable. We thus obtain and analyze a baseline D(isequilibrium)AS-AD model characterised by Keynesian feedback channels with a rich set of stability/instability features as the sources of the business cycle. The outcomes of the model stand in stark contrast to those of the currently fashionable baseline model of the New Keynesian alternative (the Neoclassical Synthesis, stage II) that we suggest is more limited in scope.
Das Modell PANTA RHEI ist weitestgehend endogenisiert. Die Entwicklung der wenigen exogenen Variablen, die in ihrer Größenordnung mit den Annahmen des RWI-Modells abgestimmt sind, ist im Folgenden dokumentiert. Wichtig ist an dieser Stelle, dass diese Annahmen im Wesentlichen das Niveau der Basissimulation beeinflussen. Bei der im Weiteren eingesetzten Szenarientechnik, bei der die Abweichungen von Simulationsrechnungen aufgrund unterschiedlicher Politikinstrumente untersucht werden, ist aber dieses Niveau in der Basissimulation und den Alternativsimulationen gleich. Bei zahlreichen Modellrechnungen hat sich in der Vergangenheit gezeigt, dass die hier interessierenden Abweichungen von Modellvariablen durch diese exogenen Vorgaben nicht nennenswert beeinflusst werden. Anders formuliert: Auch bei anderen Annahmen über die Entwicklung der Weltmarktpreise, der Wechselkurse oder der Erwerbsbevölkerung ändern sich die folgenden Aussagen in ihrer Qualität nicht.
Phosphotyrosine (pY) serves as a docking site for the recognition proteins containing pY-binding (pYB) modules, such as the SH2 domain, to mediate cell signal transduction. Thus, it is vital to profile these binding proteins for understanding of signal regulation. However, identification of pYB proteins remains a significant challenge due to their low abundance and typically weak and transient interactions with pY sites. Herein, we designed and prepared a pY-peptide photoaffinity probe for the robust and specific enrichment and identification of its binding proteins. Using SHC1-pY317 as a paradigm, we showed that the developed probe enables to capture target protein with high selectivity and remarkable specificity even in a complex context. Notably, we expanded the strategy to a combinatorial pY-peptide-based photoaffinity probe by using combinatorial peptide ligand library (CPLL) technique and identified 24 SH2 domain proteins, which presents a deeper profiling of pYB proteins than previous reports using affinity probes. Moreover, the method can be used to mine putative pYB proteins and confirmed PKN2 as a selective binder to pY, expanding the repertoire of known domain proteins. Our approach provides a general strategy for rapid and robust interrogating pYB proteins and will promote the understanding of the signal transduction mechanism.
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