A common condition that puts a huge financial and morbidity burden is kidney stones. Throughout the past 20 years, the frequency of urolithiasis has increased; 5 to 15 % of people globally are affected. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones, which form in the renal surfaces, are the most prevalent variety. Several physicochemical processes of urinary stone constituents within tubular cells lead to the complex process of stone generation. Obese people are known to be at an increased risk of developing stones. Nephrolithiasis in women is becoming more common because of metabolic syndrome. Recent years have seen a significant change in the detection and initial treatment of urolithiasis. Calcium oxalate renal stones are the most typical type of stone proclaimed in India. Since medicinal herbs are safer, more efficient, more acceptable culturally, and have fewer side effects than produced pharmaceuticals, they have been used for treatment for millennia. Patients are recommended to follow a low-fat diet and take herbal remedies in addition to fibre from naturally occurring plants. Flavonoids are a type of plant polyphenol that has been linked to several health benefits. Recent research has revealed that plant flavonoids can significantly reduce the formation of kidney stones in vitro and in vivo, which correlates with their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic, antibacterial, and other beneficial actions. Thus, the flavonoids or extracts of flavonoid-rich plants associated with anti-urolithiasis activity were evaluated. This article emphasises the use of flavonoid-containing plants or herbs and synthetic medications to cure kidney stones. The epidemiology, mechanism of action, pathophysiology, synthetic and natural treatments for kidney stone development, and ways to reduce stone risks are all covered in this review article.
Many women are affected by vaginal fungal infections, also called yeast infections. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common fungal infection caused by Candida species, predominantly Candida albicans. RVVC compromises with women’s life. It causes symptoms – such as itching, pain, dyspareunia, dysuria, and leucorrhea2-4. Oteseconazole – a novel, oral, selective fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme 51 inhibitor, designed to avoid off-target toxicities. In clinical studies to date, oteseconazole has demonstrated impressive efficacy, a positive tolerability profile and hope for a superior RVVC treatment option. Fungal infection comes in different form like –ringworm athelets foot, toenail fungus, yeast infection and jock itch. Yeast infection of vagina and tissue at opening of vagina. Antifungal is used to treat and prevent mycosis. In this article we studied about the new FDA approved drug for vaginal yeast infection.
Maintaining the high oxygen demands and bronchial hygiene of critically ill patients with advanced respiratory failure is often difficult. We describe three such cases with advanced respiratory failure where a modification of conventional transtracheal oxygenation was used successfully. This method provided the added advantage of being more cost-effective and helping in easy bronchial toileting.
Background: Oxidative stress is essentially an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability of the body to counteract or detoxify their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants. Since the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from multiple sources is capable of producing deleterious effects. Body has its own defence mechanism against the oxidative damage by ROS. These defence strategies act in the form of Antioxidants.
Methods: The present study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College, Amritsar in collaboration with Department of Ophthalmology, Ram Lal Eye Hospital, Amritsar attached to Govt. Medical College, Amritsar. 50 patients suffering from cataract attending the OPD and wards of Ramlal Eye Hospital diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical signs/symptoms and slit lamp examination were selected for the study. 50 age matched normal healthy individuals from the same population were selected to serve as controls. The comparison was done by students ‘t’ test on the number of variables for each parameter.
Result: Our results confirm that oxidative stress is responsible for the development of all three subtypes of cataract. The use of antioxidants may be helpful to prevent or delay cataractogenesis.
Conclusion: We found that there is a significant disequilibrium status of antioxidant system in serum in various types of age- related cataract patients compared with the control group. The activities of SOD, GPx in cataract group were lower than those in the control group. The oxidative stress products MDA were significantly increased in serum of cataract patients.
Key words: Oxidative stress, Cortical cataract, Posterior sub- capsular, Nuclear cataract
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