This study was completed to know the prevalence of Methicillin-Susceptible (MSSA) and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in swab samples from retail meat shops (RM) and customers (CU) in five districts of Punjab, India. An aggregate of 182 swabs samples was aseptically collected from RM shops and customers. The collected samples were processed for an isolation of S. aureus isolates. The phenotypic resistance of S. aureus isolates was most noteworthy to Penicillin (PEN, 97.83%) trailed by Ciprofloxacin (CPH, 56.52%), Tetracycline (TET, 36.96%), Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TSH, 34.78%) and Erythromycin (ERY, 17.39%). However, low resistance was observed to Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol, Oxacillin, Ceftriaxone, and that fluctuated from 2%-7%. None of the isolates was phenotypically resistant to vancomycin (MIC 0.5-2 µg/ml). A large portion of S. aureus isolates (58.69%, 95% CI 43.63-61.93) were Multi-drug resistant (MDR) and carried resistant genes to penicillin (blaZ), oxacillin (mecA), gentamicin (aacA-aphD), erythromycin (ermB, ermC) and tetracycline (tetK, tetM). Two S. aureus isolates were borderline oxacillin resistant (BORSA) with MIC 4 µg/ml and one isolate was MRSA (Oxacillin MIC 16 µg/ml) with a genotypic profile, mecA+blaZ+aacA-aphD+tetK+ermC+. Among the erythromycin-resistant or intermediate resistant isolates, none expressed inducible macrolide lincosamide and streptogramin (MLSB) phenotype (ERY+/CLI-, D+) except for one MSSA isolates from CU hand swab sample that demonstrated a constitutive MLSB phenotype (Erm+/Cli+, D-).
Food-borne listeriosis, recognized as an emerging bacterial disease of humans and animals worldwide, is caused by L. monocytogenes with at least 95% of the strains isolated from foods and patients belonging to serovars 1/2a, 1/ 2b and 4b. Milk and dairy products were implicated as sources of listeriae in several widely publicized incidents, thus suggesting that the mammary glands of mastitic cattle may be an important reservoir of Listeria. In the present study, 350 bovine milk samples were collected for prevalence and molecular characterization studies of Listeria spp. The isolates were phenotypically and genotypically characterized by biochemical tests, haemolysis on sheep blood agar, CAMP test, PI-PLC assay and multiplex PCR targeting virulence cluster genes namely haemolysin (hlyA), PI-PLC (plcA), actin (actA), p60 (iap) and regulatory (prfA); along with multiplex PCR for typing major serovars targeting lmo0737, ORF2819, ORF2110 and prs genes. Four pathogenic L. monocytogenes were recovered indicating prevalence rate of 1.14% in milk while the overall prevalence rate of Listeria spp. was 1.42%. All the four pathogenic isolates were characterized as L. monocytogenes serotype 4b. Antibiogram of the pathogenic L. monocytogenes isolates revealed sensitivity for amikacin, gentamycin, norfloxacin and doxycyclin. Animal sera (169) screened by indirect ELISA for antibodies against listeriolysin O showed sero-positivity of 7.1%. Sensitivity of PCR for direct detection from milk was evaluated to be 8.8 × 105 L. monocytogenes cells/ml of milk. Thus, the presence of pathogenic strains of L. monocytogenes in raw milk appeared to be a cause for concern with profound public health implications.
In this chapter, we are using the Raspberry Pi's features to create a robot vehicle that is entirely controlled by the Raspberry Pi. Every month, a new technology is introduced in some part of the world; this statement allows us to evaluate how quickly the world is evolving in the field of science and technology. . Our main purpose of studying raspberry pi was to explore ourselves in the field of IOTs (Internet of Things). If we look at the current technological era, we can see that nanotechnology, robotics, artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and automation are all on the horizon.One of the things we're looking into is the development of small CPUs, or the Raspberry Pi. The Raspberry Pi is based on the ARM architecture.
The aim of this study was to figure the prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance (AR) pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine and swine nares.Colonies with typical morphology on Baird-Parker agar supplemented with egg-yolk tellurite emulsion were selected and biochemically/genotypically identified as S. aureus. These strains were further subjected to epsilometer test for their sensitivity to various clinically important antibiotics and antibiotic susceptibility testing for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and double-disk diffusion testing was performed by the standard disc diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. S. aureus strains were also tested for the presence of AR genes, viz., blaZ, mecA, aacA-aphD, erm (ermA, ermB, ermC), tet (efflux genes tetK and tetL, tetM and tetO of the ribosomal protection family), and vanA.The nasal cavities of 17 out of 47 randomly selected bovine and 20 out of 28 randomly selected swine were positive for S. aureus, representing the prevalence of 36.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.5-49.9) and 71.4% (95% CI: 54.7-88.1), respectively. Most of the S. aureus strains showed higher resistance to penicillin (94.6%, minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] ≥1.5 µg/ml) followed by ciprofloxacin (56.7%, MIC ≥32 µg/ml) and tetracycline (18.9%, MIC ≥32 µg/ml). About 10-15% of the strains were resistant to gentamicin (MIC 16 µg/ml) and oxacillin (MIC 6-8 µg/ml). None of the strains were resistant to vancomycin (MIC 0.25-1.5 µg/ml). In this study, 32.4% strains were resistant to three or more than three antibiotics and prevalence of this multi-drug resistant S. aureus was 45% (95%CI: 26.6-63.4) and 17.6% (95%CI: 6.7-28.5) in swine and bovine nasal samples, respectively. Four strains from pigs were borderline oxacillin-resistant S. aureus MIC 6-8 µg/ml, but none were mecA positive. Two of these strains were β-lactamase hyperproducers. Among the resistance genes blaZ, tetK, tetL, tetM, ermB, and aacA-aphD were found.Our results demonstrated the absence of mecA and pvl gene, but the presence of multi-drug resistant S. aureus in the nares of healthy animals which has a potential to spread in a community.
Robertsonian translocation (RT) involves the end-to-end fusion of two acrocentric chromosomes. RT between chromosome 21 and any other acrocentric chromosome can lead to infertility, early pregnancy miscarriages or the birth of a Down syndrome (DS) baby in silent carriers. DS is a genetic disorder characterised by distinct physical features and some degree of cognitive disability. Mainly there are three cytogenetic forms of DS – full trisomy 21, mosaic trisomy 21 and RT trisomy 21. However, genetic counselling and targeted prenatal diagnostic testing can help RT carriers give birth to a normal baby. With this, we present a case report where preconception and prenatal genetic counselling and testing helped a RT Carrier female give birth to a healthy child.
Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular parasite with a worldwide distribution, is the causative agent of Q fever in humans. We tested a total of 368 samples (placental bits, genital swabs, fecal swabs, and urine and serum samples) collected from women (n = 74) with spontaneous abortions for C. burnetii by a PCR assay targeting IS1111, the repetitive transposon-like region of C. burnetii (trans-PCR); real-time PCR; an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA); and the isolation of the pathogen. The IFA showed seropositivity for 25.68% of the women with spontaneous abortions, whereas trans-PCR and real-time PCR each detected the pathogen in 21.62% of cases. Overall, 25.68% of the subjects were positive by one or more assays. Real-time PCR showed a slightly higher level of sensitivity than trans-PCR. With the IFA as the reference, the two PCR assays showed a higher level of sensitivity (84.21%) than pathogen isolation (26.31%), while both the PCR assays and pathogen isolation were specific (100%). The detection of high numbers of C. burnetii cells in clinical samples and the frequent association of the pathogen with cases of spontaneous abortions observed in this study revealed that Q fever remains underdiagnosed and that the prevalence in India is underestimated.
Abstract Background : Healthy eating is vital to health and well-being and during the COVID-19 pandemic it is especially important for boosting immunity and protecting against viral infections. Yet, by many accounts, a nutritious diet has been a casualty of the pandemic, rather than a means to fight it, especially among the most socioeconomically vulnerable. Methods : We employed a cross-sectional design to examine income-based dietary disparities targeting young adults (ages 18-28) during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Young adults have experienced some of the biggest pandemic-related disruptions during a formative stage of development while no known scholarly attention has addressed dietary changes in this demographic. Participants (N=254) responded to a 15-20-minute online survey and questions related to food composition and sources of food, perceptions of healthy eating, weight change, physical activity, and food insecurity. Comparisons were made between those who lived in households that earned above versus below the U.S. median income. Results: Lower income young adults were disproportionately represented in unhealthy consumption changes during the lockdown period such as increased intake of junk food (+3%) and a decrease in grains (-2%). Upper income participants were overly represented in healthy changes in diet such as a decrease in eating at fast food restaurants (-4%) and an increased reliance on home cooked food from scratch (+6%). Lower income participants also perceived their eating habits during the lockdown as less healthy (M=21.0, SD=4.99) than their upper income counterparts (M=23.53, SD=5.66). Weight gain during lockdown was reported by half (50%) of lower income and less than a third (29%) of upper income participants. Financial circumstances negatively impacted the diets of significantly more lower income (39%) than upper income (18%) respondents. Food insecurity during lockdown was a regular occurrence for 6-8% of lower income versus 2-5% of upper income young adults in this study. Conclusions : It is recommended that pandemic minded public health interventions account for negative dietary trends with particular attention to low-income young adults.
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