Quorum sensing (QS) is one of the most well-studied cell-to-cell communication mechanisms in microorganisms. This intercellular communication process in Saccharomyces cerevisiae began to attract more and more attention for researchers since 2006, and phenylethanol, tryptophol, and tyrosol have been proven to be the main quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) of S. cerevisiae . In this paper, the research history and hotspots of QS in S. cerevisiae are reviewed, in particular, the QS system of S. cerevisiae is introduced from the aspects of regulation mechanism of QSMs synthesis, influencing factors of QSMs production, and response mechanism of QSMs. Finally, the employment of QS in adaptation to stress, fermentation products increasing, and food preservation in S. cerevisiae was reviewed. This review will be useful for investigating the microbial interactions of S. cerevisiae , will be helpful for the fermentation process in which yeast participates, and will provide an important reference for future research on S. cerevisiae QS.
Objective
To research the current situation of diabetes diet cognition and compliance in patients with type 2diabetes in China.
Methods
This questionnaire-based survey was conducted in 50 medical centers in China from April to July in 2010. The selected medical centers covered 21 provinces, 4 municipalities, 4 autonomous regions, and the patients were out-patients and in-patients of 144 secondary, tertiary and community hospitals, the subjects had been diagnosed of type 2 diabetes for more than 1 year. The information of diabetes diet and management was collected by questionnaires. The diabetes attitude scale-3 (DAS-3) formulae, a questionnaire of diabetes knowledge, and summary of diabetes self-care activities (SDSCA) scale were used to assess diabetes diet cognition and compliance of patients. Comparison of data between groups was applied by using t test.
Results
Total of 6043 patients were eligible for the study, and 5961 valid questionnaires were collected. There were 3233 males and 2728 females with an average age of (60±12) years(16-94 years) and a diabetes duration of (9±7) years. The mean body mass index (BMI) 44.04% were normal and 52.21% were overweight or obese. The glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was examined in 3048 cases and 32.10% of them reached the standard of <7%. Cognition: 4333(72.69%) cases received diabetic diet education; the average of diet attitudes score was 3.7±1.0; all correct answer rate of the impact of food on glycemia was 1.85%(110/5961), all correct answer rate of the description of food was 0.52%(31/5961); 3669(61.55%) cases treated with insulin, all correct answer rate of diet knowledge was 7.03% (258/3669). Compliance: the average of ordinary diet score was 4.9±2.2 and the average of special diet score was 4.2±1.5 in the SDSCA scale. Total of 4996 cases (83.81%) kept obeying the diet therapy program. And the gender, age, the level of education, BMI, drinking, receive diabetes education, regular follow-up, self-monitoring of blood glucose could influence the patient's compliance with diet therapy.
Conclusions
The mean BMI is high, the rate of HbA1c<7% and the level of diet cognition is low in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. And patient educators should consider the factors in diabetic health education, such as gender, age, the level of education, BMI, drinking, receiving diabetes education, regular follow-up, self-monitoring of blood glucose.
Key words:
Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Patient education; Diet
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different cultivation regions on the pattern and content of flavonoids in two pummelo cultivars (C. grandis L. Osbeck) in China. Results showed that similar patterns of flavonoids were observed in the flavedo or juice of each pummelo cultivar from these cultivation regions, whereas the individual flavonoid content showed unique characteristics. Naringin, the predominant flavanone glycoside, showed the highest content in both flavedo and juice of C. grandis “Guanximiyu” from the Pinghe of Fujian (FJ) cultivation region compared with the Dapu of Guangdong (GD) and Nanbu of Sichuan (SC) regions. However, its content in the flavedo of C. grandis “Shatianyu” from the Pingle of Guangxi (GX) was significantly lower than in the GD and SC regions. Vicenin-2 appeared to be the dominant flavone C-glycoside in the flavedo of both cultivars, and the lowest content was observed in the flavedo of C. grandis “Guanximiyu” from the SC region. However, C. grandis “Shatianyu” contained the highest content of vicenin-2 in the flavedo from SC region. Similarly, the predominant flavone O-glucoside, rhoifolin, showed the highest content in C. grandis “Guanximiyu” from the GD and FJ regions, whereas C. grandis “Shatianyu” in SC region showed the highest content of rhoifolin. Cluster analysis suggested that genotype played a primary role in determining the flavonoid profiles of pummelo cultivars, whereas regional differences significantly affected the flavonoid distribution of pummelo cultivars potentially via affecting the direction of flavonoid accumulation in pummelo.
Objective To study the influence of plasma on the sterilization effect of ozone in aqueous medium and to provide data for further evaluation on the efficacy of ozone for sterilization of body fluid such as ascites. Method Escherichia coli(ATCC25922)and Staphylococcus areus(ATCC25923)were exposed to various concentrations of normal saline diluted plasma. The killing rate of ozone (90 μg / mL) was calculated. The dose of ozone and the kinetic of bacterial cell killing were determined in normal saline with 10.0% human plasma. Result The efficacy of ozone in normal saline was dose dependently decreased, especially at the plasma concentration of 10% (P0.05). Under the conditions of 10% plasma, 90 μg / mL and the flow rate of 12 ml / min, the killing rate for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was 100% and 99.05%, respectively. Differences were observed in groups treated with 40 μg / mL, 60 μg / mL and 90 μg / mL of ozone (P0.05). The efficacy was also varied with the exposure time (5 min,10 min and 20 min). The best bactericidal effect was observed when the cells were treated with 90 μg / mL of ozone and the exposure time was 20 min. Conclusion The efficacy of ozone was reduced at the plasma concentration of 10%. The efficacy can be improved by increasing both the concentration and the exposure time to ozone.
Although the concept of united airway disease has been widely accepted, most scholars emphasize only the effect of rhino-sinusitis while ignoring the pharyngeal factors to the lower airway, especially to the allergic pharyngitis (AP), which still lacks enough awareness. First of all, absence of unified diagnostic standard leads to the lack of epidemiological data, which, results in doctors' personal experience but no guideline in treatments. In addition, it is still not clear that the role of AP in the allergic airway diseases and its relationship with asthma. However, the number of patients with AP has been increasing obviously in daily clinic practice. Combined with the previous observation, this paper does a systematic review about the clinical problems of AP, expecting to give a hand to the clinical diagnosis and treatment of AP.
Abstract To date, the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans is still not well understood. SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-specific CTL responses, in particular their magnitude and duration of postinfection immunity, have not been extensively studied. In this study, we found that heat-inactivated SARS-CoV elicited recall CTL responses to newly identified spike protein-derived epitopes (SSp-1, S978, and S1202) in peripheral blood of all HLA-A*0201+ recovered SARS patients over 1 year postinfection. Intriguingly, heat-inactivated SARS-CoV elicited recall-like CTL responses to SSp-1 but not to S978, S1202, or dominant epitopes from several other human viruses in 5 of 36 (13.8%) HLA-A*0201+ healthy donors without any contact history with SARS-CoV. SSp-1-specific CTLs expanded from memory T cells of both recovered SARS patients, and the five exceptional healthy donors shared a differentiated effector CTL phenotype, CD45RA+CCR7−CD62L−, and expressed CCR5 and CD44. However, compared with the high avidity of SSp-1-specific CTLs derived from memory T cells of recovered SARS patients, SSp-1-specific CTLs from the five exceptional healthy donors were of low avidity, as determined by their rapid tetramer dissociation kinetics and reduced cytotoxic reactivity, IFN-γ secretion, and intracellular production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, perforin, and granzyme A. These results indicate that SARS-CoV infection induces strong and long-lasting CTL-mediated immunity in surviving SARS patients, and that cross-reactive memory T cells to SARS-CoV may exist in the T cell repertoire of a small subset of healthy individuals and can be reactivated by SARS-CoV infection.
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