An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
This thesis had the following objectives: (1) to measure major and minor inorganic ionic constituents by ion chromatography (IC) in atmospheric aerosol samples; (2) to determine low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) and methanesulphonate (MSA-) by IC and to assess their contribution to the water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC); (3) to perform quality control of the IC data, e.g., by comparing them with total element data; (4) to examine the sampling artifacts for inorganic and organic species on quartz fibre filters; and (5) to perform aerosol chemical mass closure.
SO42- and NH4+ were predominantly present in the fine and NO3- in the coarse size fraction at all sites. At most sites there was sufficient fine NH4+ to fully neutralise all fine SO42- and NO3-. The comparison of the IC and total element data for S, K, and Ca for the various sites indicated that the Ca was fully water-soluble and most of the S was SO42-.
From the back/front filter ratios for the quartz fibre filter samples it appeared that sampling artifacts were negligible for all inorganic species, except for NO3-. Our back/front filter ratios for the organic species increased in the following order: oxalate (1.5%), succinate (3%), MSA- (4%), malonate (2-9%), glutarate (7-26%). With regard to the four DCAs, oxalate was always the most prevailing. The carbon in the sum of the four DCAs accounted for 3-7% of the WSOC.
Aerosol chemical mass closure was performed with the IC data in combination with carbonaceous and element data. Secondary inorganic aerosols were an important contributor to the fine aerosol mass at all sites, with high levels of non-sea-salt-sulphate in summer and of nitrate in winter. Organic matter was another important component in the fine aerosol at urban and forested sites; it accounted for up to 73% of the fine aerosol mass at the forested site of Hyytiala in Finland. Sea salt was by far the major component in both the fine and coarse aerosol at Amsterdam Island. Crustal matter (from re-suspended road dust) was the dominant aerosol type in coarse and PM10 aerosol at a kerbside site in Budapest.
Aim Elastic fiber deposition is a cause of irreversibility of liver fibrosis. However, to date, its relevance to clinical features has not yet been clarified. This study aimed to clarify the correlation between non‐invasive markers of fibrosis and fiber quantity, including elastic fiber, obtained from computational analysis. Methods This retrospective study included 270 patients evaluated by non‐invasive liver fibrosis assessment prior to liver biopsy. Of these patients, 95 underwent magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and 244 were assessed with Wisteria floribunda agglutinin‐positive Mac‐2 binding protein (WFA + ‐M2BP). Using whole‐slide imaging of Elastica van Gieson‐stained liver biopsy sections, the quantity of collagen, elastin, and total fiber (elastin + collagen) was determined. Results The total fiber quantity showed significant linear correlation with fibrosis stage F0–F4. Collagen fiber quantity increased from stage F0 to F4, whereas elastic fiber quantity increased significantly only from stage F2 to F3. Spearman's rank correlation test revealed that non‐invasive liver fibrosis assessment significantly correlates with each fiber quantity, including correlation between total fiber quantity and the Fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4) index ( r = 0.361, P < 0.001), WFA + ‐M2BP values ( r = 0.404, P < 0.001), and liver stiffness value by MRE ( r = 0.615, P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses revealed that the area under ROC for predicting higher elastic fiber (>3.6%) is 0.731 by FIB‐4 index, 0.716 by WFA + ‐M2BP, and 0.822 by liver stiffness by MRE. Conclusion Liver fibrosis correlates with fiber quantity through non‐invasive assessment regardless of fiber type, including elastic fiber. Moreover, MRE is useful for predicting high amounts of elastic fiber.
Abstract The distinctive layered crystal structures and diverse properties of 2D layered materials (2DLMs) have established them as prospective building blocks for implementing next‐generation optoelectronics. One critical predicament in terms of light sensing is the weak absorption caused by the atomic‐scale thickness, as well as the limited effective wavelength range/low spectral selectivity constrained by the intrinsic band structures. Despite the fact that numerous noble metal antennas are harnessed for enhancing the light–matter coupling, they suffer from exorbitant cost and narrow resonant optical windows. To this end, a number of non‐noble plasmonic optical antennas have been developed to improve the light‐sensing properties of 2DLM photodetectors, and tremendous advances have been accomplished. Herein, a comprehensive overview of this subject is provided based on four aspects; namely, non‐noble metal antenna promoted 2DLM photodetectors, heteroatom doped semiconductor antenna promoted 2DLM photodetectors, non‐stoichiometric semiconductor antenna promoted 2DLM photodetectors, and MXene antenna promoted 2DLM photodetectors. The focus is on the device structures, preparation, and underlying mechanisms. In the end, the challenges are highlighted, and potential strategies addressing them are proposed, which aim to navigate the upcoming exploration in the related domains and fully exert the pivotal role of non‐noble plasmonic optical antennas toward advancing 2DLM photodetectors.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)
