Reviewed by: New found minority languages in China series ed. by Hongkai Sun Graham Thurgood and Fengxiang Li New found minority languages in China series. Ed. by Hongkai Sun. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. c. 40 volumes. Under the auspices of the Institute of Nationality Studies and the editorship of Hongkai Sun, a new [End Page 843] series has been developed. Entitled the New found minority languages in China series, it includes the grammars of 40 languages, with several more to be added in the future. Of the planned 40, by the middle of 2002, Shanghai Far East had already published 8, and the Central Nationalities University Press, which has published 6, had 2 more in press. By the end of 2002, the Nationalities Press is to have published 6 more, with the remainder of the 40 to be published by the end of 2003. This extremely valuable series of publications focuses on minority languages of China, most of them lacking extensive descriptions and many of them extremely endangered. This series is an extension of an extremely valuable earlier series begun in 1980 and continued through 1987, entailing 57 short grammatical descriptions (Jianzhi), providing grammatical sketches of 59 of China’s minority languages (the Mien volume also includes a sketch of both Bunu and Lajia). Although short (typically a little over 100 pages), these modest volumes added considerably to our knowledge of these languages, many of which are under intense contact pressures from Chinese and, often, from other languages of China. The fieldwork for those grammars was mostly carried out by well-trained and highly skilled field linguists in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Although disrupted by the Cultural Revolution, the work was augmented with additional fieldwork around the end of the 1970s, before beginning to appear in 1980. This earlier series is now out of print. The new series is in the same spirit, but the volumes are expanded from the earlier 100 or so pages to around 300 and from the earlier lexicon of c. 1000 words to c. 2000, and have expanded introductions and texts. The new series volumes have a common format but one that serves as a guide, not a straitjacket. Individual authors have seen fit to elaborate extensively on areas of particular interest to them, often thereby providing detailed descriptions of what is in most cases the most interesting features of the language. The expanded introductions typically include better notes on genetic affiliation, number of speakers, patterns of bilingualism, contact history, dialects, and so on. The descriptions are written in Chinese, of course, with abundant examples in IPA. The linguists who authored these grammars have devoted their lives, their whole careers, to documenting these languages. Much of their data has been used by others, often without acknowledgement. It is time that the languages they have described be brought to the attention of a wider audience. A limited number of copies of this new series is available through: Institute of Nationality Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China; hksun@public3.bta.net.cn. Other volumes in the series are: Graham Thurgood California State University, Chico Fengxiang Li California State University, Chico Bo, Wenze. 1997. The Yanghuang language. Shanghai: Shanghai Far East Publishers. 242 pp. [Autonym: Then, a Kam-Sui language in the Tai-Kadai family of languages.] Google Scholar Bo, Wenze. 2002. A study of Mulao. Beijing: The Nationalities Press. [Autonym: Mulam, a Tai-Kadai language in the Kam-Sui subgroup.] Google Scholar Chen, Guoqing. 2000. A study of Kemu. Beijing: The Nationalities Press. [A Mon-Khmer language.] Google Scholar Gai, Xingzhi. 2002. A study of Tanglang. Beijing: The Nationalities Press. [A language of the Yipho branch of the Tibeto-Burman group.] Google Scholar Jiang, Di. 2002. A study of Yidu. Beijing: The Nationalities Press. [A Tibeto-Burman language, said to be closely related to Jingpho.] Google Scholar Li, Daqin. 2002. A study of Geman. Beijing: The Nationalities Press. [Autonym: Kaman, a Tibeto-Burman language, said to be closely related to Trung.] Google Scholar Li, Jinfang. 1999. A study of Buyang. Beijing: Central Nationalities University...
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is considered curative intent treatment for patients with non-operative esophageal cancer. Radiation-induced heart damage receives much attention. We performed repeated four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) to detect changes in cardiac volume during radiotherapy for esophageal cancer patients, and explored potential factors responsible for those changes. Forty-six patients with esophageal cancer underwent enhanced 4DCT and three-dimensional (3D) CT scans before radiotherapy and every 10 fractions during treatment. The heart was contoured on 3DCT images, 4DCT end expiratory (EE) images and 4DCT maximum intensity projection (MIP) images by the same radiation oncologist. Heart volumes and other relative parameters were compared by the SPSS software package, version 19.0. Compared with its initial value, heart volume was smaller at the 10th fraction (reduction = 3.27%, 4.45% and 4.52% on 3DCT, EE and MIP images, respectively, p < 0.05) and the 20th fraction (reduction = 6.05%, 5.64% and 4.51% on 3DCT, EE and MIP images, respectively, p < 0.05), but not at the 30th fraction. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were reduced (by 16.95 ± 16.69 mmHg and 7.14 ± 11.64 mmHg, respectively, both p < 0.05) and the heart rate was elevated by 5.27 ± 6.25 beats/min (p < 0.05) after radiotherapy. None of the potential explanatory variables correlated with heart volume changes. Cardiac volume reduced significantly from an early treatment stage and maintained the reduction until the middle stage. The heart volume changes observed on 3DCT and 4DCT were consistent during radiotherapy. The changes in heart volume, blood pressure and heart rate may be valuable indicators of cardiac impairment and target dose changes.
(2021). The effects of tocotrienols intake on obesity, blood pressure, inflammation, liver and glucose biomarkers: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. Ahead of Print.
Abstract Purpose The application value of 18 F‐FDG PET‐CT combined with MRI in the radiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma was discussed by comparing the differences in position, volume, and the length of GTVs delineated on the end‐expiration (EE) phase of 4DCT, 18 F‐FDG PET‐CT, and T 2 W‐MRI. Methods A total of 26 patients with thoracic esophageal cancer sequentially performed 3DCT, 4DCT, 18 F‐FDG PET‐CT, and MRI simulation for thoracic localization. All images were fused with the 3DCT images by deformable registration. GTV CT and GTV 50% were delineated on 3DCT and the EE phase of 4DCT images, respectively. The GTV based on PET‐CT images was determined by thresholds of SUV ≥ 2.5 and designated as GTV PET2.5 . The images of T 2 ‐weighted sequence and diffusion‐weighted sequence were referred as GTV MRI and GTV DWI , respectively. The length of the abnormality seen on the 4DCT, PET‐CT, and DWI was compared. Results GTV PET2.5 was significantly larger than GTV 50% and GTV MRI ( P = .000 and 0.008, respectively), and the volume of GTV MRI was similar to that of GTV 50% ( P = .439). Significant differences were observed between the CI of GTV MRI to GTV 50% and GTV PET2.5 to GTV 50% ( P = .004). The CI of GTV MRI to GTV CT and GTV PET2.5 to GTV CT were statistically significant ( P = .039). The CI of GTV MRI to GTV PET2.5 was significantly lower than that of GTV MRI to GTV 50% , GTV MRI to GTV CT , GTV PET2.5 to GTV 50% , and GTV PET2.5 to GTV CT ( P = .000‐0.021). Tumor length measurements by endoscopy were similar to the tumor length as measured by PET and DWI scan ( P > .05), and there was no significant difference between the longitudinal length of GTV PET2.5 and GTV DWI ( P = .072). Conclusion The volumes of GTV MRI and GTV 50% were similar. However, GTV MRI has different volumes and poor spatial matching compared with GTV PET2.5 .The MRI imaging could not include entire respiration. It may be a good choice to guide target delineation and construction of esophageal carcinoma by combining 4DCT with MRI imaging. Utilization of DWI in treatment planning for esophageal cancer may provide further information to assist with target delineation. Further studies are needed to determine if this technology will translate into meaningful differences in clinical outcome.
The aim of the study was to analyze clinical data, including the types of pathologic classification, metastatic organs, treatment strategy, and prognosis of patients with stage IV lung cancer.A retrospective analysis of the clinical features of 539 patients with stage IV lung cancer who were initially diagnosed and treated in 2009 was conducted. There were 146 cases of single organ metastases and 393 cases of multiple organ metastases. The Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed to analyze the influence of age, pathological classification, metastatic organs, and treatment strategy on overall survival.The 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates were 64.2% (n=346), 19.7% (n=106), and 1.5% (n=8), respectively. Metastases to the liver and pleura predicted poor prognosis, although bone metastases predicted relatively good prognosis. The prognosis of single brain metastasis was relatively better than that of multiple brain metastases. Multi-factor analysis showed that the patient's age, different metastatic organs, the numbers of metastatic organs, and different treatment were independent risk factors for survival.The prognosis for patients with stage IV lung cancer is poor. Patient's age, the type and number of metastatic organs, and method of treatment are the main factors affecting survival.
Objective
To analyze the volume and position of the gross tumor volumes (GTV) in primary esophageal cancer based on contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (3D), four-dimensional (4D) and cone beam (CB) computed tomography (CT).
Methods
A total of thirty-four patients underwent 3D-CT and 4D-CT simulation scans for computer treatment plan and contrast-enhanced CBCT scans were conducted prior to the first treatment. GTV3D, GTV4D50, internal GTVMIP (IGTVMIP) and internal GTVCBCT (IGTVCBCT) were delineated on 3D-CT, 4D-CT50 (the end expiratory phase), 4D-CTMIP (the maximum intensity projection), and CBCT datasets, respectively. The IGTV10 was defined as 10 respiratory phases GTVs in 4D-CT. To evaluate the difference in position, volume and the volumes encompassed characteristic.
Results
The significant difference was observed in the volumes [IGTV10>(IGTVCBCT or IGTVMIP)>(GTV3D or GTV4D50)] regardless of the tumor location. Regarding IGTV10 as the standard volume, the underestimations or overestimations between IGTV10 and IGTVCBCT were larger than that of between IGTV10 and JGTVMIP(t=-8.294--3.192, P 0.05). The GTV4D50/ IGTVCBCT ratio for upper esophageal tumors was negatively correlated to motion vector (r=-0.756, P<0.05). The centroid coordinates of IGTVCBCT in AP direction were significantly different from the test volumes (GTV3D, GTV4D50, IGTVMIP and IGTV10)(t=-3.559--2.435, P<0.05). The IGTV10/IGTVCBCT ratio was positively correlated to motion vector (r=0.695, P<0.05) for middle esophageal tumors. The centroid coordinates of IGTVCBCT were significantly different IGTV10 (t=2.201, P<0.05) in AP direction. For distal esophageal tumors, the significant difference was observed in the centroid coordinate between IGTVCBCT and IGTVMIP (t=-2.365, P<0.05) in LR direction. The percentage of IGTV10 excluded the IGTVCBCT were significantly correlated to the motion vector (r=0.540, 0.678, P<0.05) for both middle and distal esophageal tumors. The mean MI value of IGTVCBCT to the other four test volumes ranged from 0.65 to 0.72.
Conclusions
CBCT has much motion information than 3D-CT but less than IGTV10. CBCT was similar to MIP images based on respiration motion. However, the target motion information encompassed in CBCT and MIP images cannot be exchanged to each other.
Key words:
Esophageal cancer; Three-dimensional computed tomography; Four-dimensional computed tomography; Cone beam computed tomography; Gross tumor volume
Objective To compare positional and volumetric differences of internal gross tumor volume (IGTV) delineated separately by three approaches based on four-dimensional CT (4DCT) for the primary tumor of non-small cell lung cancer (NLCLC). Methods Twenty-one patients with NLCLC underwent big bore 4DCT simulation scan of the thorax. IGTVs of the primary tumor of NSCLC were tumor on the MIP images were delineated to produce IGTVMIP. The position of the target center, the volume of target, the degree of inclusion (DI) and the matching index (MI) were compared reciprocally between IGTV10, IGTVEI+EE and IGTVMIP. Results Average differences between the position of the center of IGTVs on direction of x,y and z axes were less than 1 mm, with no statistically significant difference. The volume of IGTV10 was larger than that of IGTVEI+EE, the difference was statistically significant (t=2.37,P=0.028);the volume of IGTV10 was larger than that of IGTVMIP, but the difference was not statistically significant(t=1.95 ,P=0.065). The ratio of IGTVEI+EE with IGTV10, IGTVMIP with IGTV10 were 0.85±0.08 and 0.92±0.11, respectively. DI of IGTVEI+EE in IGTV10, IGTVMIP in IGTV10 were 84.78% ± 8. 95% and 88.47% ±9.04%. MI between IGTV10 and IGTVEI+EE, IGTV10 and IGTVMIP were 0.85 ±0.09, 0.86±0. 09, respectively. Conclusions The center displacement of the IGTVs delineated separately by the three different techniques based on 4DCT images are not obvious; IGTVEI+EE and IGTVMIP can not replace IGTV10 , however , IGTVMIP is more close to IGTV10 comparing to IGTVEI+EE . The ratio of GTVEI+EE with IGTV10 is correlated to the tumor motion vector. As the vector increases, the ratio of GTVEI+EE with IGTV10decreases, especially for small tumors.
Key words:
Carcinoma, non-small-cell lung/radiotherapy; Tomography, X-ray computed, fourdimensional; Internal gross tumor volume; Respiratory phase
Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Tibeto-Burman and Southeast Asian Linguistics (2002)
We present the ASA Questionnaire, an instrument for evaluating human interaction with an artificial social agent (ASA), resulting from multi-year efforts involving more than 100 Intelligent Virtual Agent (IVA) researchers worldwide. It has 19 measurement constructs constituted by 90 items, which capture more than 80% of the constructs identified in empirical studies published in the IVA conference 2013--2018. This paper reports on construct validity analysis, specifically convergent and discriminant validity of initial 131 instrument items that involved 532 crowd-workers who were asked to rate human interaction with 14 different ASAs. The analysis included several factor analysis models and resulted in the selection of 90 items for inclusion in the long version of the ASA questionnaire. In addition, a representative item of each construct or dimension was selected to create a 24-item short version of the ASA questionnaire. Whereas the long version is suitable for a comprehensive evaluation of human-ASA interaction, the short version allows quick analysis and description of the interaction with the ASA. To support reporting ASA questionnaire results, we also put forward an ASA chart. The chart provides a quick overview of the agent profile.
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