Core Ideas Directional components of splash erosion and effects of raindrop kinetic energy were investigated. Lateral splash erosion played a significant role in supplying detached particles to adjacent areas. We fit equations for total and net splash erosion to rainfall physical parameters. We used cross‐validation to test the equations. Splash erosion is an important process of hillslope erosion. However, there is little information available in the literature to show how rainfall physical parameters affect the directional components of splash erosion. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of rainfall physical parameters (rainfall intensity [RI], raindrop kinetic energy [KE], and raindrop diameter) on the directional components (upslope, lateral, downslope) of splash erosion characteristics in the Chinese Mollisol region. A specially designed soil pan, which can measure the directional components of splash erosion, was subjected to designed rainfall intensities of 50 and 100 mm h −1 and varying raindrop KE. The results showed that the total splash erosion (downslope plus upslope plus lateral splash erosion), directional components of splash erosion, and net splash erosion (downslope minus upslope erosion) on hillslopes significantly increased as RI and raindrop KE increased ( p < 0.05). Furthermore, splash erosion from downslope, lateral slope, and upslope contributed 32.2, 26.3, and 14.5%, respectively, of total splash erosion. Additionally, raindrop KE and raindrop median volume diameter ( D 50 ) were the key indicators affecting both total and net splash erosion. The equations between total and net splash erosion with both parameters of raindrop KE and raindrop D 50 were fitted. The cross validation results showed that the two equations had acceptable accuracy. Therefore, preventing raindrop impact by using conservation tillage methods, such as retaining crop residue or mulch cover, can effectively reduce splash erosion in the Mollisol region of Northeast China.
The supposition for humanity or the understanding of humanity must be realistic and subjective,otherwise,it cannot be used as the foundation for scientific management concept and methods. Therefore,the supposition for humanity of the socialist market economy in China at present,can only be rational economy man. The rational economy man has two connotations ,one indicates the man who is controlled by egoism to pursue his interests to be most;the other indicates people who take seeking for profits and money as goal not method of his life and also look it as the need of self actualization. We should not noly admit them but also need a great deal of them. The attitude to deny the rational economy man and idealize in the supposition for humanity is not correct and contradictory to the control for market economy of our country.
The sampling questionnaire made among the leaders, teachers and students in 103 middle schools in Huaiyin, Shuqian and Lianyungang has made it clear that it is imperative to upgrade the ideological level and professional quality of political teachers in junior high schools. This paper, accordingly, advances the principles of building a team of highly professional teachers, taking both overall development and potentiality into consideration, being not only virtuous but also talented and filling posts through competition when standardizing the selection and engagement of political teachers in junior middle schools.
The aim of social assistance is to safeguard social members' life right and the right to live,and to meet their basic needs.Through the analysis of the present situation and shortcomings of China's social assistance and by learning from the advanced experience of foreign countries,based on the national conditions,this paper holds the opinion that the establishment and improvement of the nation's modern social assistant system requires the overall establishment of national duties,and proposes some feasible suggestions on strengthening the social responsibility of the country.
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