Mitochondria are the energy production center in cells, which regulate aerobic metabolism, calcium balance, gene expression and cell death. Their homeostasis is crucial for cell viability. Although mitochondria own a nucleus-independent and self-replicating genome, most of the proteins, which fulfill mitochondrial functions and mitochondrial quality control, are encoded by the nuclear genome and are imported into mitochondria. Hence, the regulation of mitochondrial protein expression and translocation is considered essential for mitochondrial homeostasis. By means of high-throughput RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis, non-coding RNAs localized in mitochondria have been generally identified. They are either generated from the mitochondrial genome or the nuclear genome. The mitochondrial non-coding RNAs can directly interact with mitochondrial DNAs or transcripts to affect gene expression. They can also bind nuclear genome-encoded mitochondrial proteins to regulate their mitochondrial import, protein level and combination. Generally, mitochondrial non-coding RNAs act as regulators for mitochondrial processes including oxidative phosphorylation and metabolism. In this review, we would like to introduce the latest research progressions regarding mitochondrial non-coding RNAs and summarize their identification, biogenesis, translocation, molecular mechanism and function.
Autophagy, which is an evolutionarily conserved process according to the lysosomal degradation of cellular components, plays a critical role in maintaining cell homeostasis. Autophagy and mitochondria autophagy (mitophagy) contribute to the preservation of cardiac homeostasis in physiological settings. However, impaired or excessive autophagy is related to a variety of diseases. Recently, a close link between autophagy and cardiac disorders, including myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, cardiac fibrosis, and heart failure, has been demonstrated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs with a length of approximately 21⁻22 nucleotides (nt), which are distributed widely in viruses, plants, protists, and animals. They function in mediating the post-transcriptional gene silencing. A growing number of studies have demonstrated that miRNAs regulate cardiac autophagy by suppressing the expression of autophagy-related genes in a targeted manner, which are involved in the pathogenesis of heart diseases. This review summarizes the role of microRNAs in cardiac autophagy and related cardiac disorders. Furthermore, we mainly focused on the autophagy regulation pathways, which consisted of miRNAs and their targeted genes.
The regulation mechanism of nitrogen fertilizer on the C4 photosynthetic pathway of different nitrogen-efficient varieties, the Xianyu 335 (XY 335) maize variety of high nitrogen efficient type and the Jingnongke 728 (JNK 728) maize variety of low nitrogen efficient type was investigated.Five nitrogen application levels of 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 kg hm -2 (NCK) were set, and nitrogen application in local field production was used as control (NCK).The photosynthetic characteristics, C4 photosynthetic pathway key activities, non-enzymatic substances, and key enzyme genes of different genotypes of maize were examined in response to nitrogen reduction.The results showed that the yield of XY 335 reached a high level when the nitrogen application rate was 240-300 kg hm -2 ; when the nitrogen application rate was 180-240 kg hm -2 , the yield of JNK 728 reached a high level.Under low nitrogen conditions, compared with XY 335, the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), NADP-malase (NADP-ME), malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH), and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) of JNK 728 maintained high enzyme activity.At elongation stage, PEPC and NADP-ME3 genes of XY 335 were significantly up-regulated.Except for the big bell stage, the Rubisco gene of XY 335 was significantly increased at all growth stages.The PEPCs and NADP-MEs genes of the two varieties were significantly upregulated from the big bell stage to the filling stage.At the jointing stage, the NADP-MDH6 and PPDK1 genes of JNK 728 were significantly up-regulated.At the filling stage, the NADP-MDH gene of JNK 728 was significantly up-regulated.The photosynthetic response mechanism of different maize genotypes to nitrogen fertilizer regulation differed at different growth stages.In conclusion, the results showed that C4 photosynthetic enzyme activity and key gene expression played an important role in improving the adaptability of plants to nitrogen fertilizer at the photosynthetic physiological level in different nitrogen efficient maize.
Objective:To determine the relative bioavailability and bioequivalence of domestic (test) and imported (reference) indinavir sulfate.Methods:Twenty healthy male volunteers was orally received a single crossover dose of domestic and imported indinavir sulfate capsules,800 mg each,The plasma concentration of indinavir sulfate was determined by HPLC-UV.Results:The pharmacokinetic parameters of the test and reference indinavir were as follows:C_(max) (13.14±3.92) vs.(13.51±3.23) mg·L~(-1);T_(max)(0.63±0.18)vs.(0.63±0.17)h and AUC_(0→8h)(23.02±6.24)vs.(23.62±7.27) mg·h·L~(-1).The relative bioequivalence of test indinavir was (99.2±13.9)%.Conclusion:The test indinavir is bioequivalent to reference indinavir.
An efficient near-infrared imaging method for the selective detection of biothiols in living cells, Escherichia coli and rat liver tissue is developed using an off-on fluorescent probe.
Staphylococcus aureus remains a dangerous pathogen and poses a great threat to public health worldwide. The prevalence of the S. aureus clonotype is temporally and geographically variable. The genomic and phenotypic characteristics of S. aureus isolates in Tianjin, which is among the four big municipalities in China, are unclear. In the present study, 201 nonduplicate S. aureus isolates, including 70 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 131 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), were collected from 2015 to 2021 in a tertiary hospital in Tianjin. Whole-genome sequencing of S. aureus isolates was carried out to investigate bacterial molecular characteristics, genomic phylogeny, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene carriage, and virulence factor gene distribution. The antibiotic resistance profiles, hemolytic activities, and biofilm formation abilities of the S. aureus isolates were also determined. In total, 31 distinct sequence types (STs) and 68
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