Oxidative stress occurs in the process of egg storage. Antioxidants as feed additives can enhance egg quality and extend the shelf life of eggs. Selenium-enriched Cardamine violifolia (SEC) has strongly antioxidant properties. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary supplementation with SEC on egg quality and the yolk antioxidant capacity of eggs stored at 4 °C and 25 °C. Four hundred fifty 65-week-old, Roman hens that were similar in laying rate (90.79 ± 1.69%) and body weight (2.19 ± 0.23 kg) were divided into 5 groups. The birds were fed diets supplemented with 0 mg/kg selenium (Se) (CON), 0.3 mg/kg Se from sodium selenite (SS), 0.3 mg/kg Se from Se-enriched yeast (SEY), 0.3 mg/kg Se for selenium-enriched Cardamine violifolia (SEC) or 0.3 mg/kg Se from Se-enriched Cardamine violifolia and 0.3 mg/kg Se from Se-enriched yeast (SEC + SEY) for 8 weeks. The eggs were collected on the 8th week and were analyzed for egg quality and oxidative stability of yolk during storage at 4 °C or 25 °C for 0, 2, 4, or 6 weeks. Dietary SEC and SEC + SEY supplementation increased the Haugh unit (HU) and albumen foam stability in eggs stored at 4 °C and 25 °C (p < 0.05). SS and SEC supplementation increased the yolk index in eggs stored at 25 °C (p < 0.05). SEC or SEC + SEY slowed down an increase in albumen pH and gel firmness in eggs stored at 4 °C and 25 °C (p < 0.05). Moreover, SEC or SEC + SEY alleviated the increase in malonaldehyde (MDA), and the decrease in total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in yolks stored at 4 °C and 25 °C (p < 0.05). These results indicate that SEC mitigated egg quality loss and improved the antioxidant capacity of yolks during storage. SEC supplementation would be advantageous to extend the shelf life of eggs.
Abstract Background Selenium is an essential micronutrient in human metabolism. However, the Se level in foods is far below the standards due to the fact that it is deficient in two thirds of arable soils. Therefore, consuming Se-enriched plant products which convert inorganic Se into organic Se might be a safe and effective way to supplement Se for the human body. Paeonia ostii is a unique medicinal and edible plant in China, and also a new special woody oil crop. It serves as a perfect mediator for Se biofortification. In this report the effects of nano-Se foliar application on photosynthetic parameters, physiological characteristics and Se-enrichment effect in various plant organs of P. ostii cultivar Feng Dan were investigated in randomized complete block design experiments with different doses of spray in Se-deficient soils. Results By contrast to the control, nano-Se sprays enhanced net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO 2 concentration, and chlorophyll content of Feng Dan. The content of soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline and activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were increased while malondialdehyde content was significantly reduced. The stimulatory effect at concentrations of 6.00 and 8.25 g·hm -2 was the best in this study. nano-Se application significantly increased the Se content in all organs of Fengdan except the root compared to the control, and Se contents in various organs were increased paralleled with the increase of concentrations applied, and ordered as follows under suitable concentration, Testa > leaf > kernel > stem > root. Conclusions The above results show that nano-Se sprays at concentrations of 6.00-8.25 g·hm -2 stimulated the growth of Feng Dan and achieved the best Se-enrichment effect in this study. It also proved that the Se biofortification effect depends on its dosage applied and types of plant organs. These results provide guidance on Se enrichment of horticultural crops.
To investigate the ability of corn germ to withstand the fuel ethanol fermentation process without major damage to germ integrity and germ oil quality, five treatments were designed to explore degerming before fermentation (front-end) and after fermentation (tail-end), and the feasibility of breaking the kernel with minimum shear forces (wet-split). Germ from low-shear (wet-split) tail-end degerming maintained its integrity during the process. The wet-grind pretreatment caused 22% germ damage, and the subsequent fermentation caused 18% additional germ damage. The germ recovered after fermentation showed physical strength similar to that of those isolated by wet means before fermentation. The oils extracted from the tail-end germ fractions had the same low free fatty acid (FFA) content (2%) and similar low peroxide value (2 meq/kg) as those extracted at the front end. The good oil quality of the tail-end germ fraction was attributed to excellent germ integrity. The oil recovered after traditional dry-grind ethanol production was highly deteriorated, with 22% FFAs and 9 meq/kg peroxide value because the germ was broken into small pieces during dry grinding. So long as kernel-breakage or size-reduction pretreatments are conducted to retain intact germs or keep them in large pieces before fermentation, the germ can survive the cooking, starch hydrolysis, and yeast metabolism during the ethanol fermentation process. These findings lay a foundation for developing new degerming strategies where the germ can be isolated during or after fermentation, which could be easily integrated into the conventional dry-grind corn ethanol process.
Pot experiments were carried out to study characteristics of soil selenium (Se) enrichment and its influence on Chinese medicinal plant Abelmoschus manihot, and selenium contents in aboveground parts of A. manihot under conditions of natural Se-rich, low soils and exogenous Se addition were analyzed. Results indicated that contents of total Se and various Se fractions of natural Se-rich soil were significantly higher than that of Se-low soil (P < 0.05), and Se content in aboveground parts of A. manihot grown in natural Serich soil was significantly higher than that in natural Se-low soil (P < 0.05). The Se content in aboveground parts of A. manihot increased with the increase of soil total Se content, soil pH and contents of various Se fractions, showing significant tolerance to high Se. Moreover, it was initially found that A. manihot could effectively absorb soil Se even in relatively low Se soil conditions (soil Se content of 0.11~0.12 mg/kg) and thus reaching the standard of Se-rich crops. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(4): 961-970, 2022 (December) Special
To study oil distribution in fermentation liquid and solids for the purpose of recovering oil from corn stillage by centrifugation, a low-shear single-screw extruder was used to treat corn for dry-grind ethanol fermentation. Five different treatments for corn were used, and their effects on ethanol fermentation, oil distribution, and oil extractability were studied. Extruded corn with different particles sizes had similar ethanol yields (33% based on corn) because the starch was equally gelatinized by extrusion. Pretreatment with larger particle size before extrusion tended to have higher free oil than pretreatment with smaller particle sizes, but the effect was not dramatic, which indicates that manipulating particle size has limited effect on oil distribution in the liquid. Autoclaved flaked corn had lower ethanol yield because autoclaving at 28% moisture did not fully gelatinize the starch. Addition of protease and cellulase significantly increased the ethanol yield by at least 4%. A significant amount of bound oil became more extractable after enzyme treatment. Such oil can be effectively extracted into liquid phase by using a surfactant. In general, oil tended to be strongly associated with the solids in the thin stillage. By enzymatic treatment, 70% oil distribution was achieved in the thin stillage, compared to the conventional fermentation, where only 50% oil goes into the liquid. It was also demonstrated that mass loss after fermentation can be used to accurately quantify ethanol yield.
Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient for human health. To systematically study the distribution and control factors of Se in the local environment of Shiquan County, known for its characteristic agricultural products, rock, topsoil, well water and crop samples were collected. The contents of total Se and heavy metals in the samples were determined by instrumental analysis (ICP-MS, XRF and AFS). The results show that Se is significantly higher in the Lower Silurian Daguiping Formation, Carboniferous Maping Formation, and Cambrian-Ordovician Donghe Group in the study area. Lithology is the main factor that controls the Se content of rocks. The average content of total Se in the topsoil of Shiquan County was 0.68 ± 2.30 mg/kg (n = 678), which was higher than the average Se content in the soil of the main agricultural areas in China. Se-rich parent rocks are the main factor affecting the distribution of Se in the soil. The Se content of the surface soil gradually decreases with increasing altitude. Soil slope does not affect Se concentration. There was a significant positive correlation between soil Se concentration and pH value in the study area, and the distribution area of neutral soil was consistent with that of Se-rich soil. Mn-oxides affect Se concentrations in neutral soils in the study area. The average Se content in groundwater in the study area was 0.98 ± 0.20 mg/kg and the weathering of the parent rock was the source of Se in the groundwater. The Se content of vegetable crops (pepper, radish) in Shiquan County is typically higher than that of rice and corn. However, the concentration of heavy metals in vegetable crops (pepper, konjac, and radish) is severely excessive, and they should not be selected as Se-rich crops. This research is conducive to rational development and utilization of Se-rich soils.
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