Abstract Aberrant topological organization of whole-brain networks has been inconsistently reported in studies of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), reflecting limited sample sizes. To address this issue, we utilized a big data sample of MDD patients from the REST-meta-MDD Project, including 821 MDD patients and 765 normal controls (NCs) from 16 sites. Using the Dosenbach 160 node atlas, we examined whole-brain functional networks and extracted topological features (e.g., global and local efficiency, nodal efficiency, and degree) using graph theory-based methods. Linear mixed-effect models were used for group comparisons to control for site variability; robustness of results was confirmed (e.g., multiple topological parameters, different node definitions, and several head motion control strategies were applied). We found decreased global and local efficiency in patients with MDD compared to NCs. At the nodal level, patients with MDD were characterized by decreased nodal degrees in the somatomotor network (SMN), dorsal attention network (DAN) and visual network (VN) and decreased nodal efficiency in the default mode network (DMN), SMN, DAN, and VN. These topological differences were mostly driven by recurrent MDD patients, rather than first-episode drug naive (FEDN) patients with MDD. In this highly powered multisite study, we observed disrupted topological architecture of functional brain networks in MDD, suggesting both locally and globally decreased efficiency in brain networks.
In allusion to the output power fluctuation of intermittent energy source in the wind-solar-micro-storage microgrid system, a coordinated control based on the hybrid energy storage system of microgrid and the power distribution between battery and super capacitor (SC) is established.In view of the power management and energy distribution between the battery and SC two energy storage units, the output of fuzzy control of present charging/discharging capability of the hybrid energy storage system is utilized.Target power value is determined firstly, according to the battery and SC charged state synthetically, the deviation value beyond the target power value is allocated according to the fuzzy control theory between the two kinds of energy storage medium.The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated by results of the case study.
In this work, three structurally related aromatic polycarboxylic acids, 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2bdc), 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (H3btc), and 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid (H4bttc), have been utilized as the ancillary ligands to perform a systematic study on the structure diversity of coordination polymer based on the Cobalt∩1,4-bis(imidazolyl)benzene matrix. The solvothermal reactions of Co(NO3)2 with the aromatic acids and bib ligand afford three novel coordination polymers, [Co(bib)(bdc)]∞ (1), {[Co3(btc)2(bib)2(H2O)2](H2O)2}∞ (2), and {[Co2(bttc)(bib)2](H2O)2}∞ (3). Compounds 1–3 illustrate a series of interpenetrating networks built up of different benzoate-bridging 1D chains. Owing to the different situation of the carboxylic group, the benzoates adopt bidentate linear, tridentate T-shaped and tetradentate double-track bridging modes to link metal centers into a W-type chain, ladder and double-center chain, respectively. These chains are further decorated by bib rods to afford a parallel interpenetrating (4,4) sheet for 1, and two three-fold interpenetrating α-Po networks based on different units for 2 and 3. The variety of structures and topologies indicates that aromatic acids play essential roles in the assembly of the final frameworks.
While the moduli of thin polymer films are known to deviate dramatically from their bulk values, there is not a consensus regarding the nature of this size effect. In particular, indenting experiments appear to contradict results from both buckling experiments and molecular dynamics calculations. In this letter, we present a combined computational and experimental method for measuring the modulus of nanoindented soft films on rigid substrates that reconciles this discrepancy. Through extensive finite element simulation, we determine a correction to the Hertzian contact model that separates the substrate effect from the thickness-dependent modulus of the film. Interestingly, this correction only depends upon a dimensionless film thickness and the Poisson ratio of the film. To experimentally test this approach, we prepared poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, and parylene films with thicknesses ranging from 20 to 300 nm and studied these films using atomic force microscope-based nanoindenting. Strikingly, when experiments were interpreted using the computationally derived substrate correction, sub-70 nm films were found to be softer than bulk, in agreement with buckling experiments and molecular dynamics studies. This correction can serve as a general method for unambiguously determining the size effect of thin polymer films and ultimately lead to the ability to quantitatively image the mechanical properties of heterogeneous materials such as composites.
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