The liver is the largest solid organ in the body and is primarily composed of HCs, ECs, KCs, and HSCs, which spatially interact and cooperate with each other to maintain liver homeostasis. However, the complexity and molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between these different cell types remain to be revealed. Here, we generated mice with conditional deletion of Bmp9/10 in different liver cell types and demonstrated that HSCs were the major source of BMP9 and BMP10 in the liver. Using transgenic ALK1 (receptor for BMP9/10) reporter mice, we found that ALK1 is expressed on KCs and ECs other than HCs and HSCs. KCs from Bmp9/10HSC-KO (conditional deletion of Bmp9/10 from HSCs) mice lost their signature gene expression, such as ID1/3, CLEC4F, VSIG4 and CLEC2, and were replaced by monocyte-derived macrophages. ECs from Bmp9/10HSC-KO mice also lost their identity and were transdifferentiated into continuous ECs, ultimately leading to collagen IV deposition and liver fibrosis. Hepatic ECs express several angiocrine factors, such as BMP2, BMP6, Wnt2 and Rspo3, to regulate liver iron metabolism and metabolic zonation. We found that these angiocrine factors were significantly decreased in ECs from Bmp9/10HSC-KO mice, which further resulted in liver iron overload and disruption of HC zonation. In summary, we demonstrated that HSCs play a central role in mediating liver cell‒cell crosstalk via the production of BMP9/10 to maintain liver health.
the transmission line insulators in service being in the harsh natural environment for long time,the flashover are easily occurs due to the aspects of surface pollution,icing,thunder,and etc.The frequent flashover accident is bad for the stable operation of transmission line which cause great losses of the national economy.In view of the transmission line insulator flashover phenomenon,the harm of flashover is analyzed;the design scheme of non-contact measure sensor for flashover discharging current basis on Rogowski coil is proposed.The hardware design scheme and software process of the control circuit of transmission line insulator flashover pre-warning system are introduced,the which is based on STM32 series and use 32-bit ARM microcontroller as the core,and the of module hardware linked network diagram and software flow chart are given.The implementation of the system can accurately locate flashover insulator and alarm in time,which provide favorable conditions for line maintenance,provide reliable protection for transmission line safe operation.
Solar shading is important in buildings for better indoor thermal/light environment and energy conservation, especially in the tropical region. Compared with conventional windows with additional fixed shading devices, windows with adaptive self-shading functions take up less space and require less management labor. The present investigation focuses on a compact liquid-infill tunable window, which can provide adaptive shading with colored liquid-infill according to the surrounding environment. The numerical model of the liquid-infill tunable window was established on the basis of the law of energy and mass conservation, which enabled prediction of the adaptive response of the window under different boundary conditions. Then the thermal performance of this innovative window was analyzed in comparison with triple-layered clear glass windows. Influences of solar radiation level, incident angle, and ambient temperature were taken into consideration. The window was proven to be efficient in reducing indoor heat gain in the cooling season under strong solar radiation. With an 60° incident angle, the total indoor heat gain through window can be reduced by 1.60–8.33%. In the future, the established numerical model may be inserted into existing building simulation software as an energy-efficient window module to evaluate its energy and economic performance. The present study may inspire architectures and engineers in the design of near-zero energy and/or carbon neutral buildings.
In the 1970s, the intuition that complex communities are more stable than simple ones was challenged by mathematical models which gave diametrically opposing conclusions.Since then, this "paradox" has been heavily researched making the complexity-stability relationship of continued interest.Here, we analyzed the concepts of "complexity" and "stability" and classified the half-century of mathematical models generated by this field into linear approach and nonlinear approaches.The former is also referred to as community matrix, while the latter could be further classified into interaction matrix, numerical simulation of complex network, and food web module dynamics.Based on different community construction methods and adopting different stability criteria, together they provide a rich knowledge of how species interact and coexist, enabling us to reveal the vain of the paradox.In general, species diversity and connectivity play a negative role in the stability of randomly constructed community models.However, in models that mimic natural, empirical communities, several characteristics (including network topology, interaction intensity distribution, and interaction mode) provide mechanisms for maintaining stability, enabling these communities to reach higher levels of complexity.The study of complexity-stability is far from over.The complex interactions in natural communities is still beyond the reach of current models, and the concept of stability also needs to be expanded.The in-depth study of this topic will contribute both ecological theory and ecosystem management practice profoundly.
In situ catalytic hydrogenolysis of lignin is an efficient method for lignin valorization. Herein, a novel in situ lignin catalytic hydrogenolysis technique in alkaline aqueous solution over a NiAl alloy catalyst under mild conditions was systematically suited. Ni served as the active phase and could be exposed by etching Al atoms with alkaline aqueous solution. Meanwhile, H2 resources could be in situ generated and easily arrived at the adjacent exposed Ni sites to be activated. The in situ lignin hydrogenolysis system exhibits attractive depolymerization results under mild conditions, with an 86.8% conversion degree and 18.9 wt % yield of aromatic monomers at 220 °C, much higher than the traditional hydrogenolysis method using a commercial Raney Ni catalyst under high pressure external H2. The mechanism studies with lignin model compounds suggest that alkaline aqueous solution could promote the cleavage of C–O–C bonds and hinder the hydrogenation of the benzene ring. In addition, a moderate amount of exposed Ni sites as well as rich active hydrogen species are determinant for efficient lignin depolymerization.
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