Background: Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Numerous studies have demonstrated that mammaglobin is one of the most promising markers for diagnosis of breast cancer. However, little is known about the relationship between mammaglobin and overall survival. The small number of published studies has yielded controversial results.
Objective: This study was performed to clarify the association between expression of mammaglobin in peripheral blood and prognosis in breast cancer patients.
Methods: We systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed the data showing the association between expression of mammaglobin in peripheral blood and prognosis in breast cancer patients. The data were obtained from analysis of disease free survival (DFS)/event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS).
Results: Our analysis showed that patients expressing mammaglobin in peripheral blood before the removal of the primary tumors or chemotherapy showed shorter DFS/EFS, but no change in OS. The detection of mammaglobin mRNA in peripheral blood was not associated with worse outcome for OS, but the effect size was not small.
Conclusion: These data indicate that a meaningful association of mammaglobin might be found if large scale studies are performed. Large prospective studies are necessary to determine the prognostic value of the detection of mammaglobin mRNA in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients.
We present a high-performance blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode exhibiting a low operating voltage (4.1 V), high external quantum efficiency (23.4%, at 500 cd m −2 ) with a low efficiency roll-off (4.7%), and a long operation lifetime (time at which the luminance reaches 95% of its initial value, LT95 = 232 h).
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Here, we describe a protocol to perform long-term co-culture of multi-species human gut microbiome with microengineered intestinal villi in a human gut-on-a-chip microphysiological device. We recapitulate the intestinal lumen-capillary tissue interface in a microfluidic device, where physiological mechanical deformations and fluid shear flow are constantly applied to mimic peristalsis. In the lumen microchannel, human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells are cultured to form a 'germ-free' villus epithelium and regenerate small intestinal villi. Pre-cultured microbial cells are inoculated into the lumen side to establish a host-microbe ecosystem. After microbial cells adhere to the apical surface of the villi, fluid flow and mechanical deformations are resumed to produce a steady-state microenvironment in which fresh culture medium is constantly supplied and unbound bacteria (as well as bacterial wastes) are continuously removed. After extended co-culture from days to weeks, multiple microcolonies are found to be randomly located between the villi, and both microbial and epithelial cells remain viable and functional for at least one week in culture. Our co-culture protocol can be adapted to provide a versatile platform for other host-microbiome ecosystems that can be found in various human organs, which may facilitate in vitro study of the role of human microbiome in orchestrating health and disease.
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