Higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular and some non-cardiovascular diseases (CVDs/non-CVDs). However, uncertainty remains about its associations with mortality, particularly at lower BMI levels.
Background Increased oxidative stress due to aging can lead to increased bone loss. The most abundant form of vitamin E, namely α-tocopherol, has high antioxidant properties and biological activity; however, its effect on osteoporosis has not been well studied in humans. We aimed to investigate the association between dietary vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and osteoporosis among older adults in the United States. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed data on older adults in the United States aged ≥50 years from the 2007–2010, 2013–2014 and 2017–2020 pre-pandemic cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sample-weighted multivariate regression models were used, with adjustments for relevant confounders. Results This study comprised 5,800 individuals with available data on dietary intake and bone mineral density of hip and spine. The mean participant age was 61.4 (standard deviation, 8.7) years, and approximately 9.9% had osteoporosis. High vitamin E intake was significantly associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis (odds ratio, 0.96, 95% confidence interval, 0.93–0.98). In addition, there was evidence of interaction between dietary vitamin E and prior fracture on preventing osteoporosis. Conclusions Our study indicated a linear association between dietary vitamin E levels and osteoporosis in an older population in the United States. Further research is required to explore the potential effects of different forms of vitamin E on osteoporosis.
Abstract Systemic inflammation, reflected by increased plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen, is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, but its relevance for stroke types remains unclear. Moreover, evidence is limited in non-European populations. We investigated associations of CRP and fibrinogen with risks of incident major coronary events (MCE), ischemic stroke (IS) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in a cohort of Chinese adults. A nested case-control study within the prospective China Kadoorie Biobank included 1,508 incident MCE cases, 5,418 IS cases, 4,476 ICH cases, and 5,285 common controls, aged 30–79 years. High-sensitivity CRP and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured in baseline plasma samples from all participants, and fibrinogen in a subset (n = 9,380). Logistic regression yielded adjusted odds ratios (ORs) per SD higher usual levels of log-transformed CRP and fibrinogen. The overall mean (SD) baseline LDL-C was 91.6 mg/dL (24.0) and geometric mean (95% CI) CRP and fibrinogen were 0.90 mg/L (0.87–0.93) and 3.01 g/L (2.98–3.03), respectively. There were approximately log-linear positive associations of CRP with each outcome, which persisted after adjustment for LDL-C and other risk factors, with adjusted ORs (95% CI) per SD higher CRP of 1.67 (1.44–1.94) for MCE and 1.22 (1.10–1.36) for both IS and ICH. No associations of fibrinogen with MCE, IS, or ICH were identified. Adding CRP to prediction models based on established risk factors improved model fit for each of MCE, IS, and ICH, with small improvements in C-statistic and correct reclassification of controls to lower risk groups. Among Chinese adults, who have low mean LDL-C, CRP, but not fibrinogen, was independently associated with increased risks of MCE and stroke.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurement of liver metabolism in intrauterine growth restriction rats has seldom been reported. This study investigated the application of 1H-MRS in assessing liver metabolism in newborn pups that experienced intrauterine growth restriction.Intra-uterine growth restriction was established by feeding rats low-protein diets during pregnancy. Newborn pups received conventional magnetic resonance imaging and 1H-MRS using a 3.0T whole body MR scanner at 3, 8 and 12 weeks post birth.The success rate of 1H-MRS was 83.33%. Significantly lower body weight, BMI and body length at 3 weeks as well as significantly lower body weight, BMI and waist circumference at 8 and 12 weeks were observed in newborn pups of IUGR rats compared with pups of control rats. Significant differences in ACho/H2O, ACr/H2O, AGlx/H2O and ALipid/H2O at 3 and 8 weeks as well as significant differences in ACr/H2O, ALipid/H2O and AGlx/H2O at 12 weeks were observed between pups of control rats and pups of IUGR rats.1H-MRS allows noninvasive assessment of liver metabolism in the rat and demonstrated the poor liver development of rats that experienced IUGR.
Background and Purpose— Adipose tissue is considered an endocrine organ that secretes adipokines, which possibly mediate the effects of obesity on the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, there are yet limited prospective data on the association between circulating adipokine levels and the risk of ischemic stroke. We aimed to examine the associations of 3 adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, and resistin) with the risk of ischemic stroke. Methods— We conducted a prospective nested case–control study (972 stroke cases and 972 matched control subjects) within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study cohort. The control subjects were matched to cases on age, race/ethnicity, date of study enrollment, and follow-up time. Results— Adipokine levels were associated with established stroke risk factors such as obesity and systolic blood pressure. Adjusted for body mass index, the ORs for incident ischemic stroke comparing the highest (Quartile 4) with the lowest quartile (Quartile 1) were 0.81 (95% CI, 0.61 to 1.08; P trend=0.068) for adiponectin, 1.15 (95% CI, 0.83 to 1.59; P trend = 0.523) for leptin, and 1.57 (95% CI, 1.18 to 2.08; P trend=0.002) for resistin. The association for resistin remained significant even after accounting for established stroke risk factors (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.90; P trend=0.036). Further adjustment for markers for inflammation, angiogenesis, and endothelial function also did not affect our results. Conclusions— Circulating levels of resistin, but not those of adiponectin or leptin, are associated with an increased risk of incident ischemic stroke in postmenopausal women, independent of obesity and other cardiovascular disease risk factors.
To examine serum adiponectin level in preterm infants and to evaluate the relationship between serum adiponectin and bone mineral density in preterm infants.Seventy-two appropriate-for-gestational-age neonates were classified into three groups according to their gestational ages: early preterm (31-33(+6) weeks, 13 cases), late preterm (34-36(+6) weeks, 16 cases), and full-term (37-42 weeks, 43 cases). Venous blood was collected at one week of their life to measure serum adiponectin concentration. During the period, omnisense ultrasound bone sonometer was applied to measure speed of sound (SOS) of the left tibia.The median of tibia SOS in the early preterm group was significantly lower than in the late preterm and full term groups (P<0.05), and the median of tibia SOS in the late preterm group was lower than in the full-term group (P<0.05). Serum adiponectin level was lowest in the early preterm group, and the full-term group had the highest serum adiponectin level. Serum adiponectin level was positively correlated with tibia SOS in preterm infants (r=0.664, P<0.05). According to the result of multivariate linear stepwise regression analysis, serum adiponectin and birth weight were independent predictor of tibia SOS in preterm infants.Serum adiponectin level is lower in preterm infants than that in full-term infants. There is a positive correlation between serum adiponectin and bone mineral density in preterm infants.
Mechanistic associations between obesity and colorectal cancer remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether adipokines are risk factors for colorectal cancer and whether they may mediate its association with obesity. In a case-cohort study nested within the Women's Health Initiative cohort of postmenopausal women, baseline plasma samples from 457 colorectal cancer cases and 841 subcohort subjects were assayed for seven adipokines-adiponectin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), resistin, hepatocyte growth factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and TNF-α. Serum insulin and estradiol values measured previously were also available for data analysis. After adjusting for age, race, smoking, colonoscopy history, and estrogen level, a low level of anti-inflammatory adiponectin and high levels of proinflammatory leptin, PAI-1, and IL-6 were associated with increased colorectal cancer risk, though only leptin remained significant after further adjustment for insulin [HRs comparing extreme quartiles (HR(Q4-Q1)), 1.84; 95% CI, 1.17-2.90]. Mediation analyses showed that leptin and insulin partially explained the association between waist circumference and colorectal cancer and attenuated it by 25% and 37%, respectively, with insulin being a significant mediator (P = 0.041). Our findings support the conclusion that adipokines involved in inflammation are associated with colorectal cancer risk, but that their effects may be mediated mostly by insulin, with leptin exerting an independent effect. Hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia may therefore partially explain the adiposity association with colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women.
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