Toxic symptoms and tolerance mechanisms of heavy metal in maize are well documented. However, limited information is available regarding the changes in the proteome of maize seedling roots in response to cadmium (Cd) stress. Here, we employed an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic approach to characterize the dynamic alterations in the root proteome during early developmental in maize seedling. We conducted our proteomic experiments in three-day seedling subjected to Cd stress, using roots in four time points. We identified a total of 733, 307, 499, and 576 differentially abundant proteins after 12, 24, 48, or 72 h of treatment, respectively. These proteins displayed different functions, such as ribosomal synthesis, reactive oxygen species homeostasis, cell wall organization, cellular metabolism, and carbohydrate and energy metabolism. Of the 166 and 177 proteins with higher and lower abundance identified in at least two time points, 14 were common for three time points. We selected nine proteins to verify their expression using quantitative real-time PCR. Proteins involved in the ribosome pathway were especially responsive to Cd stress. Functional characterization of the proteins and the pathways identified in this study could help our understanding of the complicated molecular mechanism involved in Cd stress responses and create a list of candidate gene responsible for Cd tolerance in maize seeding roots.
Xinjiang of China is one of the three largest planting bases of processing tomato in the world, but soil salinization has restricted the production of tomato processing. In order to study the effects of soil nitrogen, salt and their interaction on growth and physiological characteristics of processing tomato under drip irrigation, different amount of nitrogen fertilizer were added to reconcile different salt stress to explore the response mechanisms of growth and yield of processing tomato to soil nitrogen and salt contents with a two-year experiments. The results showed that the effects of soil salinity on the growth and physiological characteristics of processing tomato were significantly greater than that of input of nitrogen fertilizers. The higher soil salt content (≥5.0 g/kg) significantly inhibited the growth of processing tomato. The increase in addition of nitrogen fertilizer could alleviate the salt inhibition and promote the growth of processed tomato with the increase of soil salt content, and the maximum nitrogen application rate was 300 kg/hm2. The linear plus platform was selected to determine the nitrogen effect models of non-saline-alkali soil and weak saline-alkali soil, but the square root nitrogen effect model of moderate saline-alkali soil was selected to accurately predict the yield of processing tomato. It was suggested the processing tomatoes should be planted in moderate saline-alkali soil to achieve higher yields due to lower input of nitrogen fertilizer, potentially reducing fertilizer costs and maximizing profits from high processing tomato yields. The results have a strong guiding significance for planting of processing tomato on saline-alkali land and appropriate fertilization to increase the yield of processing tomato. Keywords: drip irrigation, processing tomato, salinity, photosynthetic fluorescence parameters, nitrogen use efficiency, water use efficiency DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211406.6568 Citation: Wang J L, Wang Z H, Li H Q, Li W H, Wang T Y, Tan M D. Effects of nitrogen and salt on growth and physiological characteristics of processing tomato under drip irrigation. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(6): 115–125.
The modified hot phenol method was used to extract total RNA from different tissues of maize,rice and wheat.The results showed that high quality RNA was obtained.The RNA isolated by the improved method showed clear bands of 28S rRNA and 18S rRNA,and the value of OD260/OD280 is 1.8 to 2.1.RNA isolated by the improved method could ba used for RT-PCR and Northern blot.
ABSTRACT We compared yield, genetic gain, and morphology for two sets of maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrids using yield test plots grown in China at different planting densities. One set comprised 29 Chinese maize hybrids that were individually widely grown in China during 1964 through 2001. A second set comprised U.S. hybrids that were used either during the 1960s or during the 2000s. The U.S. hybrids had higher yields for both 1960s and 2000s comparisons. United States hybrids showed highest genetic gain (81 kg ha −1 ) at the highest planting density (67,550 plants ha −1 ) whereas the highest rate of gain for Chinese hybrids was 62 kg ha −1 at the medium planting density (52,500 plants ha −1 ). Unlike the Chinese hybrids, U.S. hybrids showed significant interaction with planting density. Chronologically, all hybrids showed morphological changes for many characteristics, often at different rates, and occasionally in different directions. Pedigree and molecular marker data showed U.S. and Chinese hybrids to be very different germplasm with decades‐old U.S. germplasm contributing even to recently developed and widely used Chinese hybrids. Chinese maize agricultural production can rapidly and significantly benefit from adopting breeding and agronomic strategies that allow for improved yield under higher planting densities.
ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to (i) measure genetic gain using a set of maize ( Zea mays L.) single‐cross hybrids that were widely used in Chinese maize production from 1964 to 2001, (ii) determine if there were changes in morphological characteristics, and (iii) examine the germplasm backgrounds of these hybrids. Yield trials were conducted for 3 yr, using a split‐plot design. Each hybrid was planted at three different densities in four locations, two locations each representing summer and spring corn areas. Mean rates of genetic gain were 52 kg ha −1 yr −1 when measured at the spring locations, 69 kg ha −1 yr −1 when measured at the summer locations, and 60 kg ha −1 yr −1 when measured across all locations. There was no significant effect of planting density on genetic gain. Genetic gain has been largely contributed by increased yield per plant and this strategy was reflected in changes in ear and plant morphology. Analyses of pedigree backgrounds showed continuing dependence on U.S. germplasm backgrounds, notably C103, Oh43, Mo17, and Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS).
The electrochemical conversion of nitrate to ammonia is necessary to restore the globally perturbed nitrogen cycle. Herein, the regulated coordination of active Cu single atoms to selectively modulate the energy barriers of proton-electron transfer steps was investigated and offered valuable insights for improving the selectivity and kinetics of the NO3-RR.
Humanity has long sought inspiration from nature to innovate materials and devices. As science advances, nature-inspired materials are becoming part of our lives. Animate materials, characterized by their activity, adaptability, and autonomy, emulate properties of living systems. While only biological materials fully embody these principles, artificial versions are advancing rapidly, promising transformative impacts across various sectors. This roadmap presents authoritative perspectives on animate materials across different disciplines and scales, highlighting their interdisciplinary nature and potential applications in diverse fields including nanotechnology, robotics and the built environment. It underscores the need for concerted efforts to address shared challenges such as complexity management, scalability, evolvability, interdisciplinary collaboration, and ethical and environmental considerations. The framework defined by classifying materials based on their level of animacy can guide this emerging field encouraging cooperation and responsible development. By unravelling the mysteries of living matter and leveraging its principles, we can design materials and systems that will transform our world in a more sustainable manner.
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