Prone bridge exercise is one of the core strengthening exercise for improving abdominal, lower and upper extremity muscles. In addition, coactivation of the trunk muscles and extremities is important for treatment of low back pain. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the thickness, cross-sectional area of the target muscle, and endurance during prone bridge exercise. Our hypothesis was that an increase in muscle thickness is positively related to the hold time for the static prone bridge exercise.
Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors contributing to the occurrence of systemic toxicity in patients injured after skin exposure to hydrofluoric acid (HFA) and to present guidelines for active treatment intervention based on this analysis. Data were acquired from EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane library for individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis. Key searching terms included calcium gluconate (CAG), hydrofluoric acid, and case. This research consisted of case studies published between 1979 and 2020. Systemic toxicity was set as the main outcome. Data sets from 50 case studies (N = 125 participants) were analyzed. Multivariate binary logistic regression analyses of IPD found significant association effect of the total body surface area (TBSA) burned, indicating systemic toxicity [Regression coefficient estimate, 0.82; SE, 0.41; Odds ratio, 2.28; [95% confidence interval, 1.03–5.06], and p = 0.0424]. The optimal cutoff point (sensitivity; specificity) of the receiver operating characteristic curve of the total body surface area (TBSA) burned for contributing occurrence of systemic toxicity was 2.38(0.875; 0.959). IPD meta-analysis indicates that existing evidence supports the positive proportional association of the TBSA burned for systemic toxicity. If the TBSA burned (%) in patients exposed to hydrofluoric acid is greater than 2.38, early aggressive treatment intervention, including decontamination and various CAG application, should be recommended as the guideline.
Background: The Ironman 70.3 race is also called a half Ironman, and consists of 1.9 km of swimming, 90.1 km of cycling, and 21.1 km of running. The authors provide practical insights that may be useful for medical support in future events by summarizing the process and results of on-scene medical care. Methods: The medical post was established at the transition area between the cycling and running courses, which was close to the finish line, and staffed with the headquarters team comprised of an emergency physician, an EMT, two nurses, and an ambulance with a driver. The other five ambulances were located throughout the course. The medical staff identified participants according to their numbers when providing medical support, and described complaints, treatment provided, and disposition. When treating non-participants, gender and age were recorded instead of numbers. The treatment records were analyzed after the race. Results: The medical team treated a total of 187 participants. One suffered cramps in the calf muscles during the swimming part of the course. Nineteen were treated for injuries suffered during the cycling race. A total of 159 were treated for injuries on the running course. Five casualties, all of which occurred during the cycling race, required transport to hospital. Conclusions: Medical directors preparing medical support during a triathlon event should expect severe injuries in the cycling course. In hot climates, staff may also suffer from heat injuries as well as runners, and proper attention should be paid to these risks.
산림에서 나무껍질이 벗겨지는 피해는 노루를 비롯한 사슴과에 속하는 포유류에 의해 발생하며 먹이 부족이 주요 원인이다. 그러나 제주도에서는 뿔이 녹각으로 되는 과정에서 벨벳을 벗겨내는 행동에 의해 나무껍질이 벗겨지는 피해가 발생하여 이들을 살펴보았다. 국립산림과학원 한남시험림내의 해발 400m에서 500m 사이에 위치한 6km구간의 임도 주변 5m지역을 대상으로 2011년 9월 9일부터 10월 4일까지 맑은날을 택하여 본조사를 실시하였다. 노루가 뿔로 긁은 피해목은 총 25종, 267본이었으며 낙엽활엽수가 18종 134본, 상록활엽수가 5종 71본, 나머지 2종 62본은 침엽수였다. 뿔 긁기로 가장 선호하는 수종은 굴거리나무(Daphniphyllum macropodum), 삼나무(Cryptomeria japonica), 비목(Lindera erythrocarpa), 누리장나무(Clerodendrum trichotomum), 산초나무(Zanthoxylum schinifolium) 순이었다. 피해목은 주로 3~4년생의 어린나무이며 평균 수고는 $120.7{\pm}42.4cm$이었고, 지상 5cm 높이에서의 직경은 $1.5{\pm}0.5cm$, 피해 시작점(최저점)은 지상에서부터 평균 $22.1{\pm}10.1cm$ 지점이었고, 피해길이는 평균 $27.5{\pm}10.6cm$이었다. 나무껍질이 벗겨지면 이차적으로 균류의 침입을 받게 되며 이로 인해 어린나무의 외형이 변하거나 죽게 되어 난대림의 향후 종 구성에 영향을 야기할 수 있다. 기후변화에 따른 제주도 산림의 식생변화가 예견되는 시점에서 노루의 뿔에 의한 피해는 난대림의 자연 갱신은 물론 조림과 묘목생산 그리고 지속적인 산림경영에 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된다. Peeling damage of trees is usually caused by Cervidae such as deer, roe deer because of the lack of food in forests. However, it happens as part of the developing of antlers in Jeju Island when the roe deer try to remove the Velvet-the skin of the antlers. The research area is the Hannam experimental forest (400 m up to 500 m above sea level) of Korea Forest Research Institute in Jeju Island, and the survey was carried out along the 6 km long of forest road with 5 m width on both sides. Twenty five tree species (total 267 stands) are damaged by peeling; 18 (134 stands) deciduous broad-leaved species, 5 (71 stands) in evergreen broad-leaved species, 2 (62 stands) coniferous species. The most common damaged species are in order of Daphniphyllum macropodum, Cryptomeria japonica, Lindera erythrocarpa, Clerodendrum trichotomum, Zanthoxylum schinifolium. Mainly damaged trees are approximately 3~4 years old saplings, and they show the mean height $120.7{\pm}42.4cm$, diameter measured at 5 cm height $1.5{\pm}0.5cm$. The Lowest peeling beginning height is $22.1{\pm}10.1cm$, and the mean length of peeling is $27.5{\pm}10.6cm$. Once the peeling damage happens, the saplings are infected by fungi secondly, and are distorted or dead, therefore the future structure of warm-temperate forests could be in influenced in species. Warm-temperate forest landscape and species change related to the climate change is a rising issue in Jeju Island. However the changes caused by peeling damage also could be an important issue in the natural process of forest environment, afforestation, local nursery and sustainable forest management of Jeju Island.
Licorice is a perennial herb belonging to the legume family that mainly grows in northeastern China, Mongolia, Siberia, and other regions. It is used in traditional medicine in the form of dried roots in the East and the West. The main active component of licorice, glycyrrhizin, is known to produce mineralocorticoid effects when consumed chronically, which can lead to apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome. Herein, we present the case of a 72-year-old woman who was admitted to the emergency room with severe generalized weakness and difficulty keeping her neck upright, which had developed after daily consumption of licorice-infused water for the past 2 months. Blood tests revealed metabolic alkalosis and severe hypokalemia, and an electrocardiogram showed ventricular bigeminy. The patient was treated with daily potassium and spironolactone supplements, leading to a significant improvement in muscle strength after a week. One week later, the patient was discharged, showing rare ventricular premature contractions on electrocardiography, but with no specific complaints. Chronic licorice ingestion leading to hypokalemia and muscle weakness can be life-threatening, necessitating the discontinuation of the causative agent, close monitoring, and cautious supplementation of potassium and spironolactone as treatment.
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