Summary Plants can respond to environmental changes with various mechanisms occurred at transcriptional and translational levels. Thus far, there have been relatively extensive understandings of stress responses of plants on transcriptional level, while little information is known about that on translational level. To uncover the landscape of translation in plants in response to drought stress, we performed the recently developed ribosome profiling assay with maize seedlings growing under normal and drought conditions. Comparative analysis of the ribosome profiling data and the RNA ‐seq data showed that the fold changes of gene expression at transcriptional level were moderately correlated with that of translational level globally ( R 2 = 0.69). However, less than half of the responsive genes were shared by transcription and translation under drought condition, suggesting that drought stress can introduce transcriptional and translational responses independently. We found that the translational efficiencies of 931 genes were changed significantly in response to drought stress. Further analysis revealed that the translational efficiencies of genes were highly influenced by their sequence features including GC content, length of coding sequences and normalized minimal free energy. In addition, we detected potential translation of 3063 upstream open reading frames ( uORF s) on 2558 genes and these uORF s may affect the translational efficiency of downstream main open reading frames ( ORF s). Our study indicates that plant can respond to drought stress with highly dynamic translational mechanism, that acting synergistically with that of transcription.
The damage caused by the white-back planthopper (WBPH, Sogatella furcifera) and brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens), as well as southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), considerably decreases the grain yield of rice. Identification of rice germplasms with sufficient resistance to planthoppers and SRBSDV is essential to the breeding and deployment of resistant varieties and, hence, the control of the pests and disease. In this study, 318 rice accessions were evaluated for their reactions to the infestation of both BPH and WBPH at the seedling stage using the standard seed-box screening test method; insect quantification was further conducted at the end of the tillering and grain-filling stages in field trials. Accessions HN12-239 and HN12-328 were resistant to both BPH and WBPH at all tested stages. Field trials were conducted to identify resistance in the collection to SRBSDV based on the virus infection rate under artificial inoculation. Rathu Heenati (RHT) and HN12-239 were moderately resistant to SRBSDV. In addition, we found that WBPH did not penetrate stems with stylets but did do more probing bouts and xylem sap ingestion when feeding on HN12-239 than the susceptible control rice Taichung Native 1. The resistance of rice accessions HN12-239, HN12-328, and RHT to BPH, WBPH, and/or SRBSDV should be valuable to the development of resistant rice varieties.
Abstract Background The role of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics in the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in postmenopausal women is unclear. Method 300 postmenopausal women, who were under moderate intensity statins, were enrolled in this study, of which, and 242 were assigned into CHD Group and the other 58 in non-CAHD Group. To seek the risk factors of CHD and the relationship among Gensini, PCSK9 and NMR results, Multivariate Logistic regression and Spearman correlation analysis were conducted, in all patients as well as the patients with CHD, diabetes mellitus (DM) and metabolic syndrome (MS). Results As the result of this study showed, Age was the main risk factor of CHD. Other risk factors including the particle of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-6, LDL- triglyceride (TG) and LDL-free cholesterol (FC), while, ethanol and glycerol were the protective factors. In the Spearman correlation analyses section, lipoprotein contents of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-2 ~ VLDL-5, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), LDL-1 and LDL-2 were proved to be positively related to Gensini, while the lipoprotein contents of apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), ApoA2 and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-1 ~ HDL-4 were negatively correlated with Gensini. Conclusion In postmenopausal women, age was the main risk factor of CHD, besides, the NMR measured particle of LDL-6, LDL-TG and LDL-FC were also proved to be risk factors of CHD, while, ethanol and glycerol were the protective factors. The clinical significance of the NMR and the correlation among PCSK9, Gensini and NMR metabolomics need further studied.
The study was aimed to investigate the anti-myeloma molecular mechanism of thalidomide (TLD) by detecting gene expression profiles of human myeloma cell line RPMI8226 treated with thalidomide. cDNA microarray were used to detect thousands of gene expression in gene chip. Two cDNA probes were prepared through reverse transcription from mRNA of RPMI8226 cells untreated and treated with TLD. These two probes were labeled with Cy3 and Cy5 fluorescence dyes respectively, then hybridized with cDNA microarray containing 1152 different human genes. The genes with differential expression in RPMI8226 cells treated with TLD for 72 hours were screened by scanning and analysis of computer software, and their functions were explored. The results showed that after co-culture of RPMI 8226 cells with TLD in 100 micromol/L concentration for 72 hours, 22 genes with differential expression were screened. Among these genes, the expressions of 4 genes were down-regulated including rpl32 gene, scya3 gene, mmp1 gene and igbp1 gene. Eighteen genes were up-regulated including wars gene, tubb4q gene, ube1l gene, txnrd1 gene and fyb gene. The study indicated that (1) wars gene encoding tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase was up-regulated by TLD, while mmp1 gene encoding matrix metalloprotein 1 was down-regulated, they may be related to the inhibition of angiogenesis caused by TLD. (2) scya3 gene encoding macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and igbp1 gene encoding immunoglobulin binding protein 1 were down-regulated by TLD, they may play a role in the inhibition of cell proliferation caused by TLD. (3) tubb4q gene encoding tubulin beta4, ube1l gene encoding ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1-like protein and txnrd1 gene encoding thioredoxin reductase 1 were up-regulated by TLD, they may involve in apoptosis of RPMI8226 cells induced by TLD. (4) fyb gene encoding Fyn-binding protein was up regulated by TLD which associated with killing MM cells. It is concluded that 22 differentially expressed genes are involved in protein synthesis and degradation, cell signal transduction, cytoskeletal movement, immune modulation, cell metabolism, regulation of anti-oncogene and cell apoptosis, which relate directly or indirectly to molecular mechanisms of anti-myeloma effects induced by TLD.
Strawberry wine production is a considerable approach to solve the problem of the Chinese concentrated harvesting period and the short shelf life of strawberries, but the appropriative strawberry cultivars for fermentation are still undecided. In this study, the strawberry juice and wines of four typical strawberry cultivars named Akihime (ZJ), Sweet Charlie (TCL), Snow White (BX), and Tongzhougongzhu (TZ) were thoroughly characterized for their physicochemical indicators, bioactive compounds, and volatile organic components (VOCs) to determine the optimal strawberry cultivars for winemaking. The results showed that there were significant differences in the total sugar content, pH, total acid, and other physicochemical indexes in the strawberry juice of different cultivars, which further affected the physicochemical indexes of fermented strawberry wine. Moreover, the content of polyphenols, total flavonoids, vitamin C, and color varied among the four strawberry cultivars. A total of 42 VOCs were detected in the strawberry juice and wines using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and 3-methyl-1-butanol, linalool, trans-2-pinanol, hexanoic acid, and hexanoic acid ethyl ester were the differential VOCs to identify the strawberry wine samples of different cultivars. Overall, strawberry cultivar ZJ had a relatively high VOC and bioactive compound content, indicating that it is the most suitable cultivar for strawberry wine fermentation. In addition to determining the relatively superior fermentation characteristics of cultivar ZJ, the results may provide a theoretical basis for the raw material quality control and quality improvement of strawberry wine.
BACKGROUND AND AIM: To investigate the effects of overexpression of the 24-amino-acid N-terminal end of p55γ regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide-3 kinase on proliferation and migration mediated by adenovirus in MGC803 gastric carcinoma cells.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The recombinant adenovirus-Ad-N24-GFP and control virus Ad-GFP were amplified in HEK293 cells.The virus infection rate of tumor cells was determined by fluorescence microscope.The effects of Ad-N24-GFP on cell proliferation and cell cycle were detected by cell growth curve and flow cytometry.The effect of Ad-N24-GFP on cell migration was detected by Transwell migration assay.RESULTS: The infection rate of recombinant adenovirus of MGC803 cells was highest when MOI=100.Compared with control cells,the growth of MGC803 cells after Ad-N24-GFP infection was suppressed and cell doubling time was prolonged.The percentage of Ad-N24-GFP cells in G0/G1 phase was(84.2±5.4)%,significantly higher than that of control cells in G0/G1 phase(68.7±5)%(P0.05).Overexpression of the Ad-N24-GFP fusion protein markedly resulted in decrease of MGC803 cell migration compared with the control cells(P0.05).CONCLUSION: Overexpression of the p55 γ gene N-terminal 24 peptide mediated by adenovirus inhibited cell proliferation and migration in gastric carcinoma MGC803 cells.It could have potential application in gastric carcinoma gene therapy.
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