Abstract A goal of biology is to predict how mutations combine to alter phenotypes, fitness and disease. It is often assumed that mutations combine additively or with interactions that can be predicted. Here, we show using simulations that, even for the simple example of the lambda phage transcription factor CI repressing a gene, this assumption is incorrect and that perfect measurements of the effects of mutations on a trait and mechanistic understanding can be insufficient to predict what happens when two mutations are combined. This apparent paradox arises because mutations can have different biophysical effects to cause the same change in a phenotype and the outcome in a double mutant depends upon what these hidden biophysical changes actually are. Pleiotropy and non-monotonic functions further confound prediction of how mutations interact. Accurate prediction of phenotypes and disease will sometimes not be possible unless these biophysical ambiguities can be resolved using additional measurements.
This paper took up some malpractices on the contemporary study of traditional Chinese medicine,a distinction between traditional Chinese medicine and natural medicines,the orientation of study of traditional Chinese medicine and considered problems.These new train of thought have been put forward in the paper for the contemporary study of trditional Chinese medicine.The purpose of the article lies in to develop progressively the study of contemporary age of traditional Chinese medicine with sound and standardization,and serves the human for health.
To explore the effects and the mechanism of Wuwei Dilong Decoction (Schisandra Fruit and Earthworm Decoction) for treatment of asthma.The asthma guinea pig model was established with spray of ovalbumin (OVA). Fifteen days later, the guinea pigs were administered by intra-gastric perfusion of Wuwei Dilong Decoction once a day for 8 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken for testing the total leucocytes, eosinophil (EOS), lymphocytes, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4).In the asthma model group, the total leucocytes, EOS and lymphocytes were all increased, with significant differences as compared with the different dosage Wuwei Dilong Decoction groups (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The serum LTB4 in the asthma model group was significantly increased and IFN-gamma decreased. After administration of Wuwei Dilong Decoction of the large, medium and small dosages, LTB4 decreased, while IFN-gamma increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).Wuwei Dilong Decoction can inhibit infiltration and diffusion of the inflammatory cells in the asthma model guinea pigs, and regulate LTB4 and IFN-gamma, which is probably one of the important mechanisms of Wuwei Dilong Decoction for relieving asthma.
Objective: To observe the effects and mechanisms of Schisandra Fruit and Earthworm decoction on antitussiveness in various animals. Methods: Spraying led up to the response of the prescription to initiation cough by ammonia water in mice, by citric acid in guinea pigs and by electrical stimulation in guinea pigs. Results: There was an effect on striking antitussiveness on the Schisandra Fruit and Earthworm decoction in mice by ammonia water and in guinea pigs by citric acid (P 0.01). The decoction could enhance the cough threshold value with the electrical stimulation superior laryngeal nerve in guinea pigs (P0.01). Conclusion: It is suggested that the Schisandra Fruit and Earthworm decoction has an antitussive effect on experimental cough in animals.
objective:To analyse the significance of strengthening ethics and moral education for medical students under the new situation.Methods:Self-designing survey forms,Random surveying of students of different professions in Medical School of Yangtze University on four questions: the understanding of the status of physician-patient relationship and medical ethics,strengthening ethics and moral education,establishing the course of Medical Ethics and the objective of strengthening ethics and moral education.Results:Handing out 533 questionnaires and handing in 513 effective questionnaires.Of all 513 effective questionnaires,73.9 percent feel that there is confidence crisis between doctors and patients,76.4% feel that medical ethics is declining,77.1 percent feel that strengthening ethics and moral education is closely related to medical practitioners,76.4% feel that they should study medical ethics.More than 70 percent feel that the aims of strengthening ethics and moral education are to improve the physician-patient relationship,improve the comprehensive quality of students and promote medical reform.Conclusion:Ethics and moral education for medical students should be strengthened in the new situation.Its significance is to establish the harmonious physician-patient relationship,improve comprehensively medical students' integrative quality and promote medical reform to achieve successfully.
Purpose To study the effects of Schisandrae chinenesis oil on serum glucose,serum lipid and insulin in type 2 diabetes rats with insulin resistance,and to try to find out its mechanism.Methods The high-fat diet combined with low-dose STZ at the ideal interval was used to establish the experimental rat model of type 2 diabetes.Rats were randomly divided into nomal group,model group,Schisandrae chinenesis oil 1 and 0.5 mg/kg groups and rosiglitazone group.Fasting blood glucose(FBG),fasting insulin(FINS),triglyceride(TG),high-density liporotein(HDL),low-density liporotein(LDL),and total cholesterol(TC) were measured after 6 weeks,and the insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR) was calculated.Results Schisandrae chinenesis oil could obviously decrease FBG,TG,LDH,TC,and FINS,increase HDL,and decrease HOMA-IR.Conclusion Schisandrae chinenesis oil has a treatment effect on diabetes type 2 rats with insulin resistance.It could decrease FBG and adjust metabolic disturbance,and improve insulin resistance.
To investigate the short-term efficacy and radiotoxicity 3.543of chronoradiotherapy in patients with cervical cancer. We also examined the overall symptom score and quality of life (QOL) of patients who underwent morning radiotherapy and evening radiotherapy.We conducted a multicenter randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of morning radiotherapy (9:00-11:00 AM) with evening radiotherapy (7:00-9:00 PM) in cervical cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. From November 2021 to June 2022, 114 cervical cancer patients admitted to eight cancer center hospitals in Tianjin, Chongqing, Hubei, Shanxi, Shandong, Shaanxi, Hebei, and Cangzhou were randomly divided into the morning radiotherapy group (MG; N = 61) and the evening radiotherapy group (EG; N = 53). The short-term efficacy of radiotherapy on cervical cancer patients at different time points and the occurrence of radiotoxicity were explored after patients had undergone radiotherapy.The total effective response (partial remission [PR] + complete remission [CR]) rate was similar across the two groups (93.5% vs. 96.3%, p > 0.05). However, the incidence of bone marrow suppression and intestinal reaction in the two groups were significantly different (p < 0.05). The patients in the MG had significantly higher Anderson symptom scores than patients in the EG (21.64 ± 7.916 vs. 18.53 ± 4.098, p < 0.05). In terms of physical activity, functional status, and overall QOL, the MG had significantly lower scores than the EG (p < 0.05). No other measures showed a significant difference between the groups.The radiotherapy effect of the MG was consistent with that of the EG. The incidence of radiation enteritis and radiation diarrhea in the MG was significantly higher than that in the EG; however, bone marrow suppression and blood toxicity in the EG were more serious than in the MG. Because of the small sample size of the study, we only examined the short-term efficacy of radiotherapy. Therefore, further clinical trials are needed to verify the efficacy and side effects of chronoradiotherapy.http://www.chictr.org.cn/searchproj.aspx, Registration Number: ChiCTR2100047140.
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