Quantification of mechanical forces is a major challenge across biomedical sciences. Yet such measurements are essential to understanding the role of biomechanics in cell regulation and function. Traction force microscopy remains the most broadly applied force probing technology but typically restricts itself to single-plane two-dimensional quantifications with limited spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we introduce an enhanced force measurement technique combining 3D super-resolution fluorescence structural illumination microscopy and traction force microscopy (3D-SIM-TFM) offering increased spatiotemporal resolution, opening-up unprecedented insights into physiological three-dimensional force production in living cells.
Staurosira longwanensis sp.nov. is described from Sihailongwan maar lake, northeast China.The morphology of this new species is documented with light and scanning electron micrographs and discussed in comparison with several small species of Fragilariaceae.Staurosira longwanensis belongs in the genus Staurosira since it shares many features with taxa currently ascribed to it such as the position and characteristics of the spines, the characteristics of the areolae and apical pore fields.Apart from the type locality, S. longwanensis also occurs in another volcanic lake in northeast China, with circumneutral and oligotrophic water.Diatom analysis of the long sedimentary record retrieved from Lake Sihailongwan indicates that S. longwanensis has been present at low relative abundances in this lake at least since the Late Pleistocene.
The space-domain volume integral equation (VIE) method is presented for the analysis of three-dimension (3-D) scattering from dielectric frequency selective structures (DFSS) involved homogeneous and inhomogeneous lossy material. The method solves directly for the electric field in order to easily enable periodic boundary conditions in the spatial domain. The computation of the spatial domain periodic Green’s function (PGF) is accelerated by the modified Ewald transformation. Optimized interpolation procedures for the PGFs can be applied, resulting in a considerable reduction of matrix-filling time without any significant effect on the accuracy.
The temperature dependences of upper critical field ( H c2 ) for a series of iron-deficient Fe 1− x Se single crystals are obtained from the measurements of in-plane resistivity in magnetic fields up to 9 T and perpendicular to the ab plane. For the samples with lower superconducting transition temperature T c (<7.2 K), the temperature dependence of H c2 is appropriately described by an effective two-band model. For the samples with higher T c (≳ 7.2 K), the temperature dependence can also be fitted by a single-band Werthamer–Helfand–Hohenberg formula, besides the two-band model. Such a T c -dependent change in H c2 ( T ) behavior is discussed in connection with recent related experimental results, showing an inherent link between the changes of intrinsic superconducting and normal state properties in the FeSe system.
The optical properties of aligned nickel nanowire arrays (NiNWAs) with different degrees of oxidation for terahertz (THz) polarizer applications have been investigated by using THz time-domain spectroscopy. In frequency-domain spectra, the full width at half maxima of transmitted peaks was broadened and the peak positions have a blue shift with increasing oxidation levels, besides the enhancement in peak intensity. It is indicated that the oxidation of Ni nanowires (NWs) has a significant influence on the interaction between Ni NWs and THz wave. The transmittance of the aligned NiNWAs increases with annealing temperature increasing. Conversely, the degree of polarization and extinction ratio (ER) decreases. A corresponding relationship between the change of ER and degree of oxidation is summarized by means of thermogravimetric analysis. The change of ER for the annealing sample with the degree of oxidation of 0.507% is 27.32%, which induced the polarization properties of aligned NiNWAs to be sensitive to the oxidation of Ni NWs. These findings can provide new positive features in the development of future polarization-based device applications for THz electronics and photonics.
Revealing the energy and spatial characteristics of impurity-induced states in superconductors is essential for understanding their mechanism and fabricating a new quantum state by manipulating impurities. Here, by using high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we investigate the spatial distribution and magnetic field response of the impurity states in $({\text{Li}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Fe}}_{x})\text{OHFeSe}$. We detect two pairs of strong in-gap states on the ``dumbbell-shaped'' defects. They display damped oscillations with different phase shifts and a direct phase---energy correlation. These features have long been predicted for the classical Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (YSR) state and are demonstrated here with unprecedented resolution for the first time. Moreover, upon applying magnetic field, all in-gap state peaks remarkably split into two rather than shift, and the splitting strength is field orientation dependent. Via detailed numerical model calculations, we find such an anisotropic splitting behavior can be naturally induced by a high-spin impurity coupled to an anisotropic environment, highlighting how magnetic anisotropy affects the behavior of YSR states.
Here we report the thermo-controllable self-assembled structures of single-layer 4, 4''-diamino-p-terphenyl (DAT) molecules on Au (110), which are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) combined with density functional theory (DFT) based calculations. With the deposition of monolayer DAT molecules on Au (110) and subsequent annealing at 100 °C, all DAT molecules adsorb on a (1 × 5) reconstructed surface with a ladder-like structure. After annealing the sample at about 200 °C, STM images show three distinct domains, including DAT molecules on a (1 × 3) reconstructed surface, dehydrogenated molecules with two hydrogen atoms detached from one amino group (−2H-DAT) on a (1 × 5) reconstructed surface and dehydrogenated molecules with four hydrogen atoms detached from two amino groups (–4H-DAT) on a (1 × 3) reconstructed surface through N–Au bonds. Furthermore, after annealing the sample to 350 °C, STM image shows only one self-assembled structure with −4H-DAT molecules on a (1 × 3) reconstructed surface. Relative STM simulations of different self-assembled structures show excellent agreements with the experimental STM images at different annealing temperatures. Further DFT calculations on the dehydrogenation process of DAT molecule prove that the dehydrogenation barrier on a (1 × 5) reconstructed surface is lower than that on (1 × 3) one, which demonstrate the experimental results that the formation temperature of a (1 × 3) reconstructed surface is higher than that of a (1 × 5) one.
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