Despite the booming international trade in cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs), the main characteristics of tobacco leaves from different producing areas are rarely reported. This study aimed to characterize the microbial community, volatile flavor compounds (VFCs), and flavor of CTLs from four famous cigar-producing areas, including Dominica, Brazil, Indonesia, and China. High-throughput sequencing results showed that the dominant genera in CTLs were Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Sampaiozyma, and Alternaria. Sensory analysis revealed that Indonesian and Chinese CTLs were characterized by leathery, peppery, and baked aroma. Brazilian CTLs were dominated by caramel and herb aroma. Dominican CTLs had aromas of milk, fruity, sour, cream, flower, nutty, and honey. Supplemented with the determination of volatile flavor compounds (VFCs), the flavor of CTLs could be scientifically quantified. Most of these VFCs were aldehydes and ketones, and 20 VFCs showed significant differences in CTLs from different regions. The microbial community, VFCs, and flavor of CTLs vary widely due to geographic differences. Network analysis revealed the microbial community was closely related to most VFCs, but the relationships between the fungal community and VFCs were less than the bacterial community, and most of them were negative. Furthermore, it also found that the bacterial community had a greater contribution to the flavor of CTLs than the fungal community. This study obtained essential information on CTLs, which laid a foundation for deeply excavating the relationship between microbes and VFCs and flavor, and establishing a tobacco information database.
Abstract Background The mechanisms of abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA) in inducing adventitious root (AR) formation, biomass accumulation, and plant development under long-term waterlogging (LT-WL) conditions are largely unexplored. This study aimed to determine the roles of exogenous application of ABA and IAA in two woody plants ( Cleistocalyx operculatus and Syzygium jambos ) under LT-WL conditions. A pot experiment was conducted using a complete randomized design with two factors: (i) LT-WL and (ii) application of exogenous phytohormones (ABA and IAA) for 120 d. Results Results revealed that exogenous ABA and IAA promoted LT-WL tolerance in both species. In C. operculatus and S. jambos , plant height, the number of blades, leaf area, and fresh shoot weight were increased by exogenous IAA under LT-WL. However, exogenous ABA affected more the adventitious and primary root in C. operculatus compared to S. jambos . LT-WL decreased drastically the photosynthetic activities in both species, but adding moderate amounts of exogenous ABA or IAA protected the photosynthesis apparatus under LT-WL. Exogenous phytohormones at certain levels decreased the superoxide anion level and malondialdehyde accumulation in plants under LT-WL. Also, the increase of the peroxidases and superoxide dismutase activities by exogenous phytohormones was more marked in C. operculatus compared to S. jambos . Meanwhile, the catalase activity was down-regulated in both species by exogenous phytohormones. Exogenous ABA or IAA positively regulated the jasmonic acid content in ARs under LT-WL. Moderate application of exogenous ABA or IAA in plants under LT-WL decreased the ABA content in the leaves. Lower accumulation of IAA and ABA in the leaves of C. operculatus under LT-WL was positively correlated with a decrease in antioxidant activity. Conclusions Lastly, C. operculatus which has greater morphology indexes was more tolerant to waterlogging than S. jambos . Moreover, the adaptive strategies via exogenous ABA were more built around the below-ground biomass indexes particularly in C. operculatus , while exogenous IAA backed the above-ground biomass in both species. Overall, the exogenous hormones applied (spraying or watering) influenced differentially the plant’s responses to LT-WL. The phytohormonal profile of plants exposed to waterlogging stress varied depending on the species’ tolerance level.
Lactococcus lactis is used extensively in cheese and fermented milk production. Acid stress is often encountered when L. lactis is used as a starter for the production of fermented foods. The effects of thiamine on the acid-stress tolerance of L. lactis were explored in this study. Exogenous thiamine improved the acid-stress tolerance of L. lactis during acid stress. When cultivated with 100 μM thiamine, the survival rate of cells was 14.2-fold higher than the control after 1.5 h of acid exposure at pH 3.8. The acid-stress responses of L. lactis mediated by thiamine were investigated by transcription level approaches. The results indicated a role for thiamine in increasing the transcription level of genes associated with acetoin biosynthesis during acid stress, which could consume more protons and maintain the relative homeostasis of intracellular pH. In addition, the transcription levels of thiamine-diphosphate-dependent enzymes were also upregulated, which provided more energy for cells to withstand acid stress. Furthermore, metabolite profiling highlighted the increased abundance of amino acid, especially glutamate, in thiamine-added cells during acid stress, and the intracellular ATP level was also improved. Finally, the production of thiamine in L. lactis was engineered, suggesting an increased acid-stress tolerance. These findings suggest that thiamine results in more excellent resistance to acid stress and could be employed as a promising protectant during probiotic fermentation.
Objective
To assess the clinical curative effects of local injection of recombinant oncolytic adenovirus type 5 combined with radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Methods
A total of 42 patients who had been definitely diagnosed as advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma were recruited between 2010 and 2012 from general hospital of PLA. All inpatients were divided into two groups: group A with 22 patients, who were willing to treat the cancer by local injection of recombinant oncolytic adenovirus type 5 combined with radiochemotherapy; group B with 20 patients, who were willing to treat the cancer by radiochemotherapy. The dose and method of radiochemotherapy were same in both groups. The data of follow-up investigation were statistically analyzed.
Results
There were no significant differences in tumor size(P=0.673)between the two groups before treatment. The tumor shrinkage rate of group A was greater than that of group B after one month treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.034). Besides, there were no significant differences in side effects(P>0.05)between the two groups.
Conclusion
The recombinant oncolytic adenovirus type 5 injection treatment combined with radiochemotherapy obviously enhanced the curative effect and reduced the side effects when it was applied through local injection method in treating advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which opens up a new way of effective treatment of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Key words:
Nasopharyngeal neoplasms; Injections; Recombinant oncolytic Adenoviridae; Radiotherapy
A female infant was admitted to the hospital due to perioral cyanosis two hours after birth. The infant was born at the gestational age of 35 weeks by cesarean section with a birth weight of 2 400 g. Physical examination revealed wry mouth to the left side while crying, small auricles, and high palatal arch; fibrolaryngoscopy suggested bilateral vocal cord paralysis; echocardiography suggested ventricular septal defect; single nucleotide polymorphism testing showed 22q11.21 microdeletion. Therefore, the infant was given a definite diagnosis of asymmetric crying facies syndrome accompanied by 22q11.21 microdeletion. After 8-month follow-up, the infant still had asymmetric crying facies with presence of growth retardation.
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