The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of spousal attachment, spousal caregiving, and parental caregiving behaviors on children`s parental representations. One hundred and fifteen preschoolers (72 boys and 43 girls, aged between 4-5 years old) and their fathers and mothers participated in this study. The instruments used were the MacArthur Story-Stem Battery (Bretherton, Oppenheim, Buchsbaum, Emde, and the MacArthur Narrative Group, 1990), the Experiences in Close Relationships Scales (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998), the Caregiving Questionnaire (Kunce & Shaver, 1994), and the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (Rohner, 1991). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling analysis. In conclusion, parents` spousal attachment, spousal caregiving, and parental caregiving behaviors have influenced on children`s parental representations.
Objective: This exploratory study was undertaken to analyze the anxiety of parents of prenatally diagnosed fetal congenital disease and satisfaction after the multidisciplinary counseling. Methods: The study included 32 prospective parents of antenatally diagnosed congenital disease fetus who received multidisciplinary counseling at The Catholic Congenital Disease Center (CCDC) for the period from May, 2009 through March, 2010. The Korean version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was utilized to assess parental anxiety. Categories of satisfaction survey were classified into accessibility, professionalism, empathy, recoverability, satisfaction, and expectation after counseling. Results: The mean time and number of medical professionals for each counseling were 58.0±36.9 min and 3.5±1.1 persons. Most common congenital diseases were cardiovascular (36.1%) and urogenital diseases (25.0%). STAI scores were significantly decreased after than before counseling (43.5±5.9 vs 36.9±6.0, P=0.0007). STAI scores after counseling showed significant decrease in prospective mothers who were nulliparous (P=0.0005), less than 35 years old (P=0.0014), had religion (P=0.0014) and counseled more than 40 minutes (P=0.0027). The mean rate of positive satisfactory response about multidisciplinary counseling was 85.6% in satisfaction survey. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of the positive impact on the prospective parental anxiety of a multidisciplinary counseling in prenatal management of fetal congenital diseases.
The present study investigated the parenting alliance`s mediating effects on the relationship between adult attachment and marital satisfaction. The participants were 157 married parents of young children(77 men and 80 women). We used the Experiences in Close Relationships Scales (Kim & Lee, 2005), Quality Marriage Index (Jang, 2001), and Parenting Alliance Inventory (Abidin, 1988) and analyzed data using descriptive statistics, Pearson`s correlation, and regression analysis, via SPSS PC program(17.0 version). The results revealed that the effects of married males` avoidant dimension on marital satisfaction were partially mediated by their wives` parenting alliance. The effects of married females` anxious dimension on marital satisfaction were totally mediated, and the effects of married females` avoidant dimension on marital satisfaction were partially mediated, by their husbands` parenting alliance. In conclusion, the parenting alliance mediates the effects of adult attachment on marital satisfaction in couples with young children.
Evolutionary psychology (EP) is a theory in psychology that explains human behaviours with innate psychological mechanisms based on the evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary psychologists attribute current human behaviours to psychological adaptations in our brain acquired to survive in the ancestral environment. EP exhibits merits when explaining particular behaviours consistently observed in the contemporary workplace. The contemporary working environment is significantly different from the ancestral environment of hunter-gatherers. Thus, particular workplace design and management practices may force people to work in ways that do not accommodate innate psychological mechanisms that were acquired and adapted since hunter-gatherer societies. People may persistently desire or prefer certain spatial or environmental conditions due to commonly underlying evolutionary psychological drivers. This chapter discusses a set of topics that can be explained by EP, focusing on spatial and facility elements of the workplace environment. These topics comprise attachment and territoriality, cognitive and perceptive biases, biophilia and cognitive restoration, prospect and refuge, complexity and mystery, and spatial biases. It will help workplace professionals develop strategies to reinforce positive behaviours and adjust inadequate behaviours in the contemporary workplace by better understanding human innate psychological drivers.
Health, a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being according to the World Health Organization, is a critical issue in the workplace as it is directly related to human capital, the most important and expensive asset of an organization. When it comes to workplace health, there are seven key performance indicators to consider. These include physical fitness, physical comfort, physical nourishment, cognitive well-being, social well-being, emotional well-being, and environmental well-being. Various environmental attributes in these seven KPIs in the workplace affect not only health but also performance and engagement of employees via their physical, mental, and social interactions within the environment. For instance, ergonomics, acoustics, lighting, thermal comfort, and olfactory comfort address the overall physical comfort while biophilic components contribute to employee cognitive functions as well as their capacity to cope with mental stress and fatigue. These seven KPIs of workplace health ultimately contribute to five positive organizational outcomes, including healthy organizational culture, higher productivity, improved individual health and safety, financial savings, and enhanced reputation of the organization. This chapter discusses critical health factors in the workplace and their contributions to the capacity of human capital at the individual as well as organizational levels.
The purpose of this study is to examine the attachment representations of Korean immigrant mothers in America. The subjects were 25 first-generation Korean immigrant mothers who reside in Los Angeles. The Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, & Main, 1985) was used for assessing their attachment representations. As a result, 36% of the mothers were classified as secure-autonomous (F), 52% as insecure-dismissing (Ds), and 12% as insecure-preoccupied (E). It was concluded that there were lower rates of the secure type among Korean immigrant mothers who had immigrated to the U.S. during the 70's and 80's and higher rates of the dismissing type compared to mothers in South Korea.
Under its Constellation program, NASA is preparing to send humans back to the Moon with a flight system architecture very similar to Apollo. However, changes since the Apollo era have taken place in the areas of risk and safety, crew comfort and composition, longterm program goals, programmatic constraints, and state of technology. Considering these changes together, a new design approach is warranted to put early emphasis on operational concept development and the design implications of human factors. Given the complexity of the Constellation system of systems being anticipated, the allocation and transfer of control authority among multiple Constellation systems is of particular importance. This paper proposes a modeling approach to integrate various fields of humanand system-centered expertise and analyze control authority from the viewpoint of operations and human factors to demonstrate the needs and benefits this modeling approach.
The purpose of this study was to explore and examine the relationship between mother-child emotional availability and preschoolers` story stem narrative response. Eighty two 4-year-old preschoolers and their mothers participated in this study. This study used the following translated evaluation tools: Emotional Availability Scales(EA, 3rd edition) designed by Biringen and colleagues(1998) to examine the quality of the emotional relationship between mother and her child, and the MacArthur Story Stem Battery(MSSB) developed by Bretherton and colleagues with the MacArthur Narrative Group(1990) to measure preschoolers` narrative responses. The following statistical analyses were preformed descriptive, cluster analysis, and One-way ANOVA. The findings were as follows: First, 4 clusters of the narrative responses of 4-year-old preschoolers were prosocial story tellers, avoidant/dysregulated story tellers, constrained story tellers, and anxious story tellers. Second, the preschoolers in the prosocial cluster showed a high level of mother-child emotional availability and the preschoolers in the avoidant/dysregulated cluster showed a low level of mother-child emotional availability.
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