Crossed-beam velocity map imaging, chirped-pulse mmWave spectroscopy, and automated electronic structure calculations are used to investigate the reaction of ground-state sulfur atoms with 1,3-butadiene and isoprene.
Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 33898; published online: 22 September 2016; updated: 25 January 2017 This Article contains errors in the Materials and Methods section under subheading ‘Chemicals and reagents’. “Authentic fluopyram (purity 99.4%) was purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany) and fluopyram SC (500 g/L) used for field trial was obtained from Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, China”.
Abstract Graphite paper is introduced as efficient and low‐cost anode in an air‐cathode microbial fuel cell (MFC) for simultaneous wastewater treatment and power generation using real food wastewater. Graphite paper as the cheapest investigated material provided the best electrochemical results in an MFC with an excellent open cell voltage. The significantly increased power generation could be attributed to the large surface area of the anode, leading to enhanced bacterial attachment on the graphite anode surface. Regarding wastewater treatment, the graphite anode exhibited the highest removal of organic pollutants and the highest coulombic efficiency. It shows an excellent efficiency as a bio‐anode in the air‐MFC for producing electricity and treating industrial wastewaters without requiring external mediators.
The morphological dynamics, instabilities and transitions of elastic filaments in viscous flows underlie a wealth of biophysical processes from flagellar propulsion to intracellular streaming, and are also key to deciphering the rheological behavior of many complex fluids and soft materials. Here, we combine experiments and computational modeling to elucidate the dynamical regimes and morphological transitions of elastic Brownian filaments in a simple shear flow. Actin filaments are employed as an experimental model system and their conformations are investigated through fluorescence microscopy in microfluidic channels. Simulations matching the experimental conditions are also performed using inextensible Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and non-local slender-body hydrodynamics in the presence of thermal fluctuations, and agree quantitatively with observations. We demonstrate that filament dynamics in this system is primarily governed by a dimensionless elasto-viscous number comparing viscous drag forces to elastic bending forces, with thermal fluctuations only playing a secondary role. While short and rigid filaments perform quasi-periodic tumbling motions, a buckling instability arises above a critical flow strength. A second transition to strongly-deformed shapes occurs at a yet larger value of the elasto-viscous number and is characterized by the appearance of localized high-curvature bends that propagate along the filaments in apparent motions. A theoretical model for the so far unexplored onset of snaking accurately predicts the transition and explains the observed dynamics. For the first time, we present a complete characterization of filament morphologies and transitions as a function of elasto-viscous number and scaled persistence length and demonstrate excellent agreement between theory, experiments and simulations.